International Journal of Real Estate is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Department of Estate Management, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. The journal is dedicated to promoting scholarly research in the fields of real estate, urban planning, and related disciplines. Our Mission: To disseminate high-quality research findings in the field of real estate. To foster academic discourse and intellectual exchange among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. To contribute to the advancement of knowledge and the development of sustainable real estate practices.
Department of Estate Management, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Administration of Security Deposits in Residential Properties in Developing Countries: Evidence from Nigeria
Security deposit (SD) is one of the most debated financial transactions between property owners/managers and tenants. This research quantitatively examined the administration of security deposit on residential properties in Nigeria with a view to enhancing its implementation and administration. Primary data was retrieved from 280 firms of estate surveyors and valuers in Nigeria via a structured questionnaire. The retrieved data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study found that there is arbitrariness in the implementation and administration of SD on residential properties in Nigeria. There is arbitrary inclusion of SD clauses in the tenancy/lease agreement. Type of tenant/history of tenant, property finishings, and type of building are factors that determine the sum of money to charged as SD. The challenges associated with the administration of SD include devaluation of SD money due to inflation, noncompliance of the SD refund clause in the tenancy agreement by landlords, strain in the relationship between firms and tenants due to the refund of SD, amongst others. The study recommended that a law should be enacted at either the state or national level that would regulate the implementation and administration of SD, as this would reduce the arbitrariness, discrepancies, and conflicts prevalent in the administration of SD.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Urban Growth and Sustainability in Abuja: The Role of Property Management
As urbanization intensifies, effective property management emerges as a crucial factor in ensuring the optimal use of land and built assets, maintaining environmental balance, and enhancing the quality of urban life. This study evaluates the role of property management in fostering urban growth and sustainability in Abuja, Nigeria's rapidly developing capital city. Using a mixed-method approach, the study draws on data from property managers, urban planners, estate developers, and regulatory authorities within Abuja. It investigates the relationship between professional property management and key urban sustainability indicators, including environmental preservation, efficient land use, socio-economic inclusivity, and infrastructure resilience. The findings reveal that well-managed properties contribute significantly to urban aesthetics, resource conservation, and investment confidence, which in turn drive sustainable development. However, challenges such as inadequate policy implementation, limited professional capacity, and weak enforcement of urban planning regulations hinder the full potential of property management in Abuja's urban landscape. The research concludes that property management is not merely a technical function but a strategic tool for achieving balanced urban growth and sustainability. The study recommends a more integrated framework where property managers play active roles in urban policy development, environmental planning, and community engagement. Strengthening professional standards, enhancing stakeholder collaboration, and implementing responsive regulatory mechanisms are essential to maximizing the impact of property management on Abuja’s urban future. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, real estate professionals, and urban development stakeholders aiming to build more livable, resilient, and sustainable cities through efficient property management practices.
Acceptability of Property Technology (PropTech) on Property Management Practice in Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examined the acceptability of Property Technology (PropTech) in property management practice within Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, focusing on residential and commercial properties. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and purposive sampling technique, targeting a population of 22 experienced property professionals. Data was collected through administration of structured questionnaire and interviews and analyzed using Multiple Regression Analysis. The findings revealed a significant effect of PropTech on traditional property management practice. The study found widespread awareness of PropTech innovations with digital platforms and industry events being the main sources of knowledge. Cost, cultural adaptation, and technical skills were identified as key factors influencing adoption while PropTech solutions were generally more effective than traditional methods. Online platforms dominated adoption with advanced tools showing moderate but growing use. Based on these findings, the study recommends targeted training programs, financial support and incentives, peer-to-peer knowledge sharing, public awareness campaigns and the institutionalization of PropTech education within professional certification programs to facilitate sustainable and inclusive integration. These measures aimed to overcome barriers such as cost and limited knowledge and promote the effective use of PropTech to enhance property management performance in Calabar Metropolis.
Blockchain Technology as a Catalyst for Transforming Property Title Documentation and Land Records in Nigeria: A Conceptual Assessment
Background: Nigeria's land administration system is plagued by inefficiencies, fraud, corruption, bureaucratic bottlenecks, and poor documentation, which collectively undermine property rights, discourage investment, and lock vast land resources as "dead capital." The Land Use Act of 1978, while intended to unify land tenure, has created additional complications in title registration and documentation across the country. This study assesses the potential of blockchain technology as a transformative tool for property title documentation and land records management in Nigeria. This conceptual study employs a systematic review of literature, comparative analysis of blockchain pilot projects in Sub-Saharan Africa, mathematical statistical analysis of land registry data, and a framework design approach to evaluate the applicability of blockchain technology to Nigeria's land administration context. The study identifies critical weaknesses in Nigeria's current land records system, including high costs of registration (15% of property value 4.5x the global comparator average), lengthy processing times (mean: 330 days, SD: 418 days), corruption (mean score: 70.4%), and low registration rates (0.128% of estimated total parcels). Blockchain technology offers solutions through decentralization, immutability, transparency, and smart contract automation, with global evidence showing 80-95% improvement across key metrics. However, significant challenges remain, including legal uncertainties, high implementation costs, digital literacy gaps, and institutional resistance. Blockchain technology presents a viable pathway for transforming Nigeria's land records system, with a projected break-even point at Year 4 and 10-year net benefit of $570 million. Successful implementation requires concurrent legal reforms, infrastructure development, stakeholder capacity building, and a phased pilot approach before nationwide rollout.
Impact of Digitalization on Sustainable Marketing of Commercial Properties in Benin City
Digitalization has revolutionized marketing practices in the commercial real estate sector worldwide, and Benin City, Nigeria, is no exception. This paper explores the impact of digitalization on sustainable marketing of commercial properties in Benin City, specifically focusing on how digital tools, such as social media platforms, online property listing portals, virtual tour applications, and mobile communication systems, have transformed marketing efficiency, lowered costs, and broadened market reach. The study also assesses the sustainability aspects of digital marketing in real estate, which include environmental, economic, and social outcomes. Utilizing a descriptive research design and relying on secondary sources, including peer-reviewed academic literature and professional reports from the Estate Surveyors and Valuers Registration Board of Nigeria (ESVARBON), the study concludes that digitalization has markedly enhanced property visibility and transaction speed while diminishing reliance on traditional marketing methods. Nonetheless, challenges such as insufficient power infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, limited digital skills among practitioners, and the prevalence of online fraud hinder the complete realization of these advantages. The paper advocates for improved digital capacity development for real estate professionals, increased investment in broadband infrastructure, and stringent regulatory oversight of online property advertising platforms.
Addressing the Nigerian Housing Affordability Challenge through Smart City Solutions
The twin challenges of deficit housing and the unaffordability of the available ones have been an issue contended with by Nigeria’s growing population. While there have been deliberate efforts to mitigate this issue via government interventions and public-private partnerships, it has not effectively catered to those it was specifically created for, as most high-income and mid-income earners benefit more from such interventions. This problem has been alluded to the state of land governance and accessibility in Nigeria, which is still in need of development. This study was aimed at examining smart city solutions that can be applied to Nigeria’s developing state of housing affordability. The study adopted a survey research design, with primary and secondary data sources consulted. The respondents were sampled purposively, and a Likert-scaled questionnaire and weighted averages were used to analyze the collected data. The study identified that the integration of technology in modular construction and its adoption in public-private partnerships towards the regulation of efficient land use can tackle housing affordability issues if implemented at Nigeria’s current level of development. High cost and lack of government support were identified as potential barriers to its successful implementation, while the challenge of unequal access to technology and the likelihood of technological malfunctions were identified as concerns upon successful implementation. The paper suggests that the development of affordable housing through technology-enabled modular construction can be explored, especially the integration of local materials in the development of houses.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of Mobile Application Software for Compulsory Acquisition and Compensation in Niger State, Nigeria
The recent mass road development by Niger State government poses some challenges to professionals involved in the construction process including Estate Surveyors and Valuers as they involved compulsory acquisition of lands with unexhausted improvement on them. One of the major challenges of Estate Surveyors and Valuers on the project is the short time duration for submission of assessment report for compulsory acquisition and compensation. It is therefore, imperative to deploy technology to improve the compulsory acquisition and compensation process in Niger State, Nigeria. It was based on this background that the research intends to develop mobile application software for compulsory acquisition and compensation for Niger State. The mobile application software serve as a template for compulsory acquisition and compensation process by the professionals in the state. Data were collected on the current land acquisition and compensation process in Niger State, through reconnaissance survey, interview of the Estate Surveyors and Valuers on the software currently being used for compulsory acquisition and compensation and the appropriate state authorities to know the applicable rate as it relates to the unexhausted improvement. The result provided user friendly mobile software on Android platform for compulsory acquisition and compensation, accurate data collected from the properties to be compensated, accuracy of valuation method and adopted rate for the valuation practical use of the software. The finding of this study was expected to add value to the existing procedure for compulsory acquisition and compensation in Nigeria and contribute to the existing literature by designing and implementing mobile application software, particularly, for field inspection, data collection, computation and reporting in order to achieve efficient and adequate compensation.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. B. Nwokenkwo, J. O. Lasisi, J. K. Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design and Implementation of Internet of Things for Land Information System
Technological advancement has spread across all sectors, including the built environment, and has gradually been embraced in the real estate sector. The Internet of Things (IoT) is considered one of the most important emerging technologies for real estate professionals. However, the potential of IoT applications in real estate practice has yet to be fully explored, particularly in land administration. Although the Land Information System (LIS) has gained serious attention, one of the major challenges it has not fully addressed is the alteration of cadastral layouts and the protection of boundary beacons. It became imperative to deploy IoT technology to strengthen the LIS and safeguard land property rights. This study designed and implemented an IoT-based system for the Land Information System in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria. Information was gathered through a reconnaissance survey of the Federal Polytechnic Bida campus, review of existing cadastral plans, and assessment of current LIS applications. A physical prototype was developed using an ESP32 microcontroller, NEO-6M GPS module, and 0.96-inch OLED display. The smart beacon continuously monitors its GPS coordinates. Once a reference location is stored, any movement triggers an immediate “Damage Detected!!!” or “ALERT! Location Changed!!!” notification. The system sends the alert via a WhatsApp bot using the CallMeBot API with a direct Google Maps link containing the new latitude and longitude. Field testing on the polytechnic campus confirmed that the system delivered accurate real-time location tracking, reliable tamper detection, and instant notifications compared with traditional manual beacon inspection; the IoT solution eliminated the need for frequent physical visits, reduced response time to alterations, and provided verifiable evidence through live map links. The study therefore provided a practical, low-cost IoT-based LIS that adds value to existing land information systems and contributes to the literature by demonstrating how IoT can be implemented for beacon management in cadastral layouts to achieve sustainable land administration in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. O. Lasisi, C. B. Nwokenkwo, J. K. Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Geospatial Analysis of Urban Morphology and Real Estate Market in Minna, Nigeria
This complexity and uncontrolled transformation of urban morphology is one of the major challenges of urban areas of the global south. There are many literatures on urban morphology, where few captured how urban form determines aspects of real estate market. This paper adopted Geographic Information System (GIS) in assessing the urban morphology and real estate market in Minna, Nigeria. All 21 professional Estate Surveyors and Valuers in the study area were sampled for rent data collection, while the urban form was assessed using satellite imageries. The data collected were analysed using descriptive analysis and spatial analysis. The relationship between the urban morphology and real estate market was analysed using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The study reveals a clear spatial variation in the rental value of two-bedroom apartments across neighbourhoods, the values range from ₦250,000 to ₦200,000. The study also found that rental value variation among neighbourhoods in the study area is closely associated with differences in urban morphology, particularly density, land use mix, and accessibility. The GWR density beta spatial pattern shows a clear spatial variation in the influence of density on rental value across the neighbourhoods of the study area, with local coefficients ranging from -18,098.41 to 49,010.09. The strongest positive effects are concentrated in the central neighbourhoods, where the beta values fall within 26,077.50 to 49,010.09. The study concludes that the physical configuration of urban neighbourhoods is a significant determinant of rental values in Minna. It was recommended that neighbourhoods with relatively low rental values should be targeted for physical and environmental improvement.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. K. Mohammed, C. B. Nwokenkwo, J. O. Lasisi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of Road Infrastructure Expenditures on Commercial Property Investment Returns in Abuja, Nigeria
Road infrastructure plays a critical role in shaping urban development and real estate investment performance. However, despite increasing government spending on transportation infrastructure in Nigerian cities, limited empirical research has specifically examined how road infrastructure expenditure influences commercial property investment returns over time in Abuja. Previous studies have largely focused on general infrastructure conditions or relied on cross-sectional perception-based assessments of property value changes without isolating the direct effect of road infrastructure spending. This creates a research gap in understanding the extent to which road infrastructure investment contributes to commercial real estate performance in Abuja. This study aims to examine the relationship between Government Road infrastructure expenditures and commercial property investment returns in Abuja, Nigeria, between 2020 and 2024. The objectives are to analyze trends in road infrastructure expenditure within the study period; assess trends in commercial property investment returns; and determine the statistical relationship between road infrastructure spending and commercial property returns. A quantitative research methodology was adopted using secondary data obtained from the Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA), the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing and professional real estate market reports. Descriptive statistics were used to examine expenditure and return trends, while inferential statistical techniques including the Pearson product–moment correlation and linear regression analysis were applied to determine the strength and predictive relationship between road infrastructure expenditure and commercial property investment returns. The results reveal a strong and statistically significant positive correlation between road infrastructure spending and commercial property investment returns (r = 0.74, p < 0.01). Regression analysis indicates that road infrastructure expenditure explains approximately 55% of the variation in commercial property investment returns during the study period. The study concludes that increased road infrastructure investment significantly enhances commercial property investment performance by improving accessibility and stimulating commercial activity. It therefore recommends sustained and strategically targeted road infrastructure development integrated with urban land-use planning to promote sustainable real estate growth in Abuja.
Analysis of the Challenges in Valuation of Sacred Properties in Enugu State
According to Okoronkwo (2023), a property valuation is an assessment of property value, based on the location, condition and other multiple factors. The valuation of sacred properties which include shrines, churches, grave yards, etc is a specialized valuation that require peculiar professionalism and comes with some challenges. The aim of this study is to analyze the challenges in valuation of sacred properties in Enugu State with the objective of identifying the challenges and assessing their impact in the valuation of sacred properties in the study area. Further to this, a Hypothesis was put forward to be tested that; there is no significant difference in the respondents‘ assessment on challenges in the valuation of sacred properties in Enugu State. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design with a population of 130 comprising 40 professionals in the Enugu State Ministry of Land and urban Development, 40 registered Estate Surveyors and Valuers and 50 natives. The Sample size was determined by successfully assessed respondents comprising 15 Ministry worker, 22 professionals and 23 natives having a total of 60. The adopted research instruments for data collection were questionnaire and oral interview. The data collected were presented in tables and analyzed using mean rankings and one sample t-test. The study revealed that the challenges in the valuation of sacred properties stems from intangible value of cultural, spiritual and emotional value which cannot be easily quantified and the lack of comparable data of previous transaction of sacred properties, sensitive nature of cultural and ethical practices, legal and regulatory complexity among other factors also contribute to the eminent challenge. it was therefore recommended that Estate Surveyors should improve their awareness of the prevailing issues in the study by organizing and attending seminars and workshops, while enlightening the general public, the appropriate authorities as well as upcoming students in the profession on the subject.
Digital Technology Application Benefits and Impediments in Land Administration in South East Nigeria
This study is an assessment of the extent of service delivery benefits obtainable from digital technology application to land administration and the impediments in South East Nigeria. The study is anchored on the critical relevance of land administration to sustainable development, the place of digital technology application in defining the current global standard in land administration and the reality that local and national practices that significantly fall short of global standards are no longer acceptable in today’s world that has turned into a global village. Key service delivery benefits obtainable from digital technology application to land administration were identified and the extent of factors militating against their realization in the five states of south east Nigeria were assessed. Survey method was adopted in the study, using instrument of questionnaire. Purposive sampling technique was used, with sample size of 150 respondents involved, composed of land administration service providers comprising land officers, land surveyors, town planners and other support staff of the government ministries in charge of land administration in the states. Results revealed that the level of service delivery benefits obtainable from digital technology application to land administration is significant but the extent of factors militating against the application in the states is generally significant. The study concludes and recommends that in view of the significant benefits obtainable from digital technology application to land administration and the significant impediments to the application, therefore is urgent need for the states to remove all the existing impediments in order to migrate swiftly to a holistic Digital Land Administration System (DLAS) and be on current global best practices.
Assessment of the Impact of Locally Sourced Building Materials on Residential Property Development in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
This research explores how locally sourced building materials (LSBMs) influence residential property development in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Rising construction costs, lack of affordable housing, and environmental degradation stem largely from a dependence on imported, industrial materials. Through a survey of construction experts and skilled artisans in Owerri, the study gathers substantial data. It evaluates these materials based on three main criteria: their local availability, their affordability, and the resulting impact on construction expenses. Additionally, the investigation highlights common hurdles blocking LSBM utilization. These include limited policy support, negative assumptions about quality, technical skill gaps, and lack of standardisation. Encouragingly, the study finds that laterite, stone, bamboo, timber, and clay are abundantly present and inexpensive. These materials offer developers a meaningful cost reduction alternative. Although the benefits are considerable, prejudice and infrastructure gaps prevent widespread acceptance. The study urges policy, educational, and technical strategies to help close existing supply and application gaps. For lasting improvements in sustainable construction and cost efficiency, this study recommends strengthening regulatory frameworks, standardising material quality, and running education campaigns for residents and developers alike.
An Analysis of the Effect of Fuel Subsidy Removal on Residential Location Preferences among Middle-Income Earners in Abuja, Nigeria
The removal of fuel subsidies in Nigeria has resulted in spectacular socio-economic change that has implications for middle-income households, particularly in urban areas such as Abuja. This research examines the policy reform's impact on choice of residential location, with particular emphasis on the wider implications for household decision-making in a context of increasing fuel prices. The research seeks to evaluate the impact of fuel subsidy removal on house choice, travel behavior, and welfare of middle income earners in Abuja. Hypotheses were formulated on the impact of subsidy removal on residential choice, the moderating effect of socio-demographic characteristics, and migration towards lower-cost residential zones. A mixed-method strategy was used in data collection. 300 copies of structured questionnaire were administered to middle-income earners resident in different neighborhoods of Abuja, out of which 208 questionnaires were duly completed and retrieved. Findings indicate a strong negative correlation between Fuel subsidy removal and residential choice of location, and with respondents demanding more low-cost housing. Socio-demographic factors, including age and earnings, also work towards mediating such tastes. Proper planning and policy action are proposed to redress such concerns by the study in favor of measures like low-cost housing development, enhanced public transport, and directed subsidy options. Policymakers must include these factors while planning towards a more inclusive cityscape responsive to the concerns of middle-income residents changing in line with economic transformation. Further research is called for to explore long-term impacts and other controls on household decision in the changing urban environment.
Copyright (c) 2025 G. C. Umekesiobi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Property Valuation Practices among Estate Surveying and Valuation Firms in Enugu Metropolis
This study examines property valuation practices among Estate Surveying and Valuation firms in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. Data were obtained through structured questionnaires administered to forty registered firms, all of which were retrieved and analysed using descriptive statistics. The results show that valuation practice in Enugu is dominated by traditional methods such as the Depreciated Replacement Cost, Investment/Income Capitalisation, and Direct Market Comparison methods, while the use of modern approaches like the Discounted Cash Flow analysis is minimal. Most firms rely on intuition rather than empirical data in determining yields and outgoings, with percentage deductions from gross rent commonly applied. Although all firms comply with the standard deduction of outgoings from gross rent, inconsistencies remain in the components included. The study concludes that valuation practice in Enugu is largely experience-driven and lacks analytical depth. It recommends enhanced access to market data, continuous professional training, and adoption of modern valuation techniques to improve accuracy and consistency.
Investigating Estate Surveyors and Valuers' Awareness and Application of Arbitration in Resolving Real Estate Disputes in Akure, Nigeria
The study investigates the use of arbitration in resolving real estate disputes among estate surveying and valuation firms in Akure, Nigeria. A survey was conducted with 26 firms, revealing that 65% do not utilise arbitration regularly. Rent collection and payment were identified as major contentious issues. Factors influencing arbitration preference included enforceability, predictability, finality, confidentiality, and cost-effectiveness. Limitations included sampling bias and reliance on self-reported data. The study highlights the importance of promoting awareness, training, and support for arbitration in estate management practices. It emphasises the social implications of fostering a culture of arbitration for enhancing efficiency and integrity in Nigeria's real estate sector. The findings contribute to the literature by shedding light on arbitration utilisation and factors influencing its preference in real estate dispute resolution. The study underscores the need to address barriers to arbitration adoption and promote it as a viable alternative for resolving real estate disputes effectively.
Evaluation of Building Facilities Maintenance Practices in Public Tertiary Institutions in Abia State, Nigeria
This study evaluates the state of building facilities maintenance in public tertiary institutions in Abia State, Nigeria, with emphasis on identifying current practices, user satisfaction, challenges, and strategies for improvement. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 1,101 respondents across Abia State University, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, and Abia State Polytechnic Aba. Structured questionnaires, interviews, and observations were used, and results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and t-tests. Findings revealed that most facilities were either averagely maintained or in poor condition, with 71.9% of students expressing dissatisfaction and 81.5% reporting insufficiency of available facilities. Insufficient funding (83.1%), use of substandard materials (55.6%), and poor government attitude (41.9%) emerged as the most critical challenges. Preventive and corrective maintenance methods were perceived as the most effective approaches to sustaining academic performance. The study concludes that sustainable maintenance requires adequate funding, skilled personnel, application of standard materials, and consistent maintenance policies. It recommends that government and institutional authorities prioritize preventive strategies, allocate dedicated budgets, and adopt user-focused maintenance frameworks to improve the learning environment and enhance educational outcomes.
Integrating probabilistic risk analysis into property investment appraisal: evidence from Nigeria
This study examines the integration of probabilistic risk analysis into residential property investment appraisal in Nigeria; addressing the dominance of deterministic valuation techniques in emerging markets. Using a 15-year discounted cash flow (DCF) model and a case study of a six-unit block-of-flats residential property in Enugu, the research combines sensitivity analysis, scenario technique, and Hillier’s standard deviation model into a unified “3S Risk Process Model.” The approach quantifies investment uncertainty by generating probability distributions of returns and estimating the likelihood of achieving a target rate of return. Results identify target rate of return (TRR) and rental growth as the key determinants of investment performance, with a 61.03% probability of meeting the 10.5% TRR, indicating moderate risk exposure. The study demonstrates that probabilistic analysis provides a more rigorous and transparent framework for decision-making, offering implications for valuers, lenders, and policymakers seeking to strengthen evidence-based investment appraisal and promote resilience in Nigeria’s real estate sector.
An Assessment of Tenants Satisfaction in Students Hostels in Awka
Students’ hostels play a crucial role in providing accommodation for students pursuing higher education in any part of the world. The growing student population in Awka, Anambra State in Nigeria due to the presence of Nnamdi Azikiwe University and other notable tertiary institutions, has increased the demand for quality housing in tertiary institutions. Currently hostels face issues of safety, quality, and affordability, affecting students, academic success and well-being. Despite Tetfund's plans to construct new hostels in 2024, only 15% of students live on campus, facing security risks and high off-campus costs. The research aim was to provide an assessment of tenants’ satisfaction in student hostels within and around Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. The research objectives include: to establish categories of student hostels in Awka, to assess the current level of tenant satisfaction in different students hostels in Awka, to identify factors influencing tenant satisfaction in students hostels in Awka and to identify areas of improving the level of tenant satisfaction in students hostels in Awka. The scope of the study was limited to coverage of public and private hostels within and outside Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The population of the study is a total number of public and private hostels in Awka. The study adopted research survey method to elicit data from students, hence primary and secondary data was used for the research study. Taro Yamane formula was used to determine the sample size for both public and private hostel. 366 questionnaire were distributed and 337 was retrieved representing 92.7% responses. Findings revealed that the facilities amongst those living in private hostels had 20.5% basic setups, 35.3% had standard accommodations, and 8.0% enjoy premium conditions. Conversely, Public hostels exhibit a higher proportion of basic facilities (23.7%), but fewer students (11.6%) have standard amenities, and only 0.9% have access to premium facilities. Key areas of dissatisfaction includes room size layout, hygiene issues, facilities quality etc. To improve tenant satisfaction in students hostels, the study recommended areas for improvement for both private and public hostels which include increasing room comfort, ensuring cleanliness and hygiene, bolstering safety and security, upgrading furniture quality, minimizing noise levels, providing reliable utilities and effective management practices such as establishing clear hostel policies and balanced tenancy agreements and flexibility in visiting hours for public hostels.
Evaluating Government Revenue Through Property Taxation in Nigeria
Property taxation is a durable and under-utilized source of government revenue in many developing countries. This paper evaluates the contribution of property taxation to government revenue, examines institutional and administrative obstacles to effective implementation, and proposes strategies for reform suitable for the Nigerian context. Using a conceptual and evaluative approach based on secondary data (academic literature, international reports, and national policy documents), the paper highlights contrasts between jurisdictions that have successfully mobilized property tax revenue (e.g., Lagos State, Kenya, South Africa, United Kingdom) and contexts where the potential remains unrealized. Key findings indicate that digitization of cadastral records, regular revaluation, legal harmonization, capacity building, and transparent use of proceeds are central to improving yield and compliance. The study concludes with policy recommendations for Nigerian subnational governments to strengthen internally generated revenue through property-based taxation.
An Evaluation on the Effects of Location on Residential Property Value in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
This study investigates the effect of location on residential property values in Awka, with a focus on key locational factors, proximity to urban amenities, infrastructural development, and spatial distribution of property values. The objectives of the study are to: Identify the locational factors that influence residential property values in Awka; examine the relationship between proximity to urban amenities and residential property values; assess how infrastructural development affects the value of residential properties; evaluate the spatial distribution of residential property values across selected neighborhoods in Awka. The research adopted a quantitative approach using structured, closed-ended questionnaires administered to a sample of 63 respondents, out of which 58 were duly completed and analyzed. Descriptive statistics were employed to interpret the data. Findings revealed that both location and proximity to urban amenities such as schools, healthcare facilities, markets, and public transport plays a more significant role in determining residential property values. Furthermore, infrastructural development, including road networks, electricity, and water supply, was found to contribute positively to property valuation. Spatially, properties in central and well-developed areas command higher values than those in peripheral zones. The study concludes that urban amenities and infrastructure together with location are critical drivers of residential property value in Awka and recommends that urban planners, developers, and policymakers prioritize the provision of accessible services in all areas to ensure equitable property value growth.
Adoption of Monthly Rent Payment Structure in Lagos State: Benefits and Challenges
Tenants in Nigeria and many other developing countries are usually required to pay rent upfront and in full for a period of one to two years. Tenants may find this challenging, especially if they have limited resources. Hence, this study investigated the benefits and challenges of adopting a monthly rent payment system in Lagos. A total of 94 respondents completed the e-questionnaire used to gather data which was analysed using a relative importance index and ANOVA. The results indicate that monthly rent payment will help tenants to better manage their finances, make rent more affordable, and promote extended tenancy. It was found that the biggest barriers to the adoption of monthly payment are opposition from landlords, and the lack of a facilitating legal framework. The study advised policymakers to develop legal frameworks that protect the interests of both tenants and landlords under a monthly rent payment system, coupled with awareness campaigns to aid better understanding of the benefits of monthly payments.
Awareness of Just-in-Time Principles in the Nigerian Construction Industry
This study investigates the awareness of Just-in-Time (JIT) principles within the Nigerian construction industry, focusing on construction professionals in Edo and Delta States. The construction sector is plagued by inefficiencies, including material overstocking and project delays, prompting the exploration of JIT as a potential solution to enhance efficiency and reduce waste. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 324 registered construction professionals with 203 of them returned, achieving a 62.65% response rate. The findings reveal a significant awareness of JIT principles among respondents, with a mean score of 3.89 for the concept of JIT management in construction. Factor analysis identified two key components: a 'Productivity factor' and a 'Performance factor,' accounting for 41.362% of the total variance. Despite the positive awareness, challenges remain in the practical implementation of JIT, necessitating robust awareness campaigns and educational initiatives to further enhance understanding and application of JIT in construction projects. The study concludes that while awareness exists, further efforts are required to translate this knowledge into effective practice, ultimately improving project delivery and efficiency in the Nigerian construction industry.
Evaluation of Domestic and Institutional Plastic Waste Generation and Management in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State
The research objectives were to evaluate the quantity and composition of plastic waste, identify its sources and causes, examine current management practices, evaluate environmental impacts, and propose sustainable strategies for improvement. Data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed to households, schools, and hospitals within Ifite, Okpuno, and Agu Awka (GRA) over six months (June–November 2024). The study found that both households and institutions generate significant amounts of plastic waste daily, with institutions (schools and hospitals) producing higher quantities (56.45%). Packaged food and beverage plastics (24.07%) were the most common waste category. Analysis of current waste management practices revealed that burning (49.39%), open dumping (41.66%), and burying (45.06%) were the predominant methods, highlighting ineffective waste management. The study concludes that ineffective plastic waste management contributes to environmental pollution and health hazards. Sustainable strategies, such as policy enforcement, incentives for waste reduction, private-sector collaboration, and investment in recycling technologies, are recommended to improve plastic waste management in Awka South LGA. These findings provide a framework for policymakers and stakeholders to implement effective plastic waste management solutions.
The Impact of Microeconomic Variables on Sustainable Infrastructure Development in Nigeria
The link between micro-economic variable and infrastructure development is central in determining the pace and sustainability of national growth and development, especially in terms of economic volatility. This study examines the impact of key micro-economic variables, such as interest rates, inflation, exchange rate and employment levels, on infrastructure development in Nigeria. A sample size of 150 respondents, comprising experts in the financial sector, policy makers, professionals in the construction industry and economists, were selected to provide comprehensive view on the subject. Methods used for data collection included a mix of surveys, interviews, and analysis of basic economic indicators. The study employed multiple regression analysis to assess the relationship between these variables and infrastructure outcomes, while qualitative data, on the other hand, was analyzed using thematic analysis method. This involves identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns (themes) within the data. Findings reveal a significant correlation between micro-economic instability, such as high inflation and fluctuating exchange rates, and delays or cost overruns in infrastructure project development. conclusively, the study highlights the need for adaptive economic policies that considers microeconomic uncertainties to foster sustainable infrastructure development. The results provide practical insights for policy makers and investors aiming to mitigate the adverse effects of economic uncertainties on infrastructure development initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 D. N. Mbazor, D. W. Thwala (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Challenges and Determinants Influencing Adoption of Portfolio Management Models in Real Estate Investment in South-East Nigeria
This study investigates the challenges and determinants influencing the adoption of portfolio management models in real estate investments across South-East Nigeria. Despite the rising interest in real estate as a wealth-building strategy in the region, many investors still rely on informal decision-making approaches rather than structured portfolio tools that can optimize returns and minimize risk. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from all 544 registered Estate Surveyors and Valuers operating across the five South-Eastern states. A structured questionnaire divided into two sections captured demographic data and core information related to awareness, challenges, and perceived outcomes of portfolio model adoption. The analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, including multiple regression, conducted via SPSS software. Findings revealed that specific challenges such as limited technical expertise, poor access to market data, and high implementation costs significantly affect the application of portfolio models (R² = 0.149, p < 0.05). Additionally, a statistically significant positive relationship was established between the adoption of portfolio models and real estate investment performance (R² = 0.225, p < 0.05), albeit with a modest effect size. The study concludes that despite these barriers, portfolio models contribute to better decision-making and improved investment outcomes when applied. It recommends that policymakers, academic institutions, and professional bodies should collaborate to improve training, develop localized modeling tools, and enhance digital infrastructure to foster greater adoption. These efforts are essential to modernizing real estate investment practices in the region and promoting long-term financial sustainability.
Factors Influencing Mortgage Foreclosure of Commercial Banks in Ibadan, Nigeria
Mortgage foreclosure is a recovery tactic used by financial institutions especially in developing nations where institutional, legal, and economic issues frequently make it less successful and pose a threat to commercial banks’ financial stability. This study examined factors influencing mortgage foreclosure of commercial banks in Ibadan, Nigeria and this was with a view to providing information that could enhance best lending practice. The study adopted survey method by administering questionnaire on the credit, account and loan officers of commercial banks in Ibadan using total enumeration of the 19 commercial banks operating in the study area and the data were analyzed using mean ranking and principal factor analysis. The study found that loan types, industry characteristics, prepackaged bankruptcy, traditional bankruptcy and out-of-court restructurings and macroeconomic conditions were the most prominent factors influencing mortgage foreclosure with mean scores of 4.067, 4.00, 4.00 and 4.00 respectively using 5-point Likert scale. The least factors influencing foreclosure were loan size and loss of job with mean values of 3.000 and 2.867 respectively. Through principal component analysis, four (4) factors were extracted and accounted for 78.598% of total variance explained. The study recommends the promoting ethical lending practices is essential, with regulatory bodies ensuring that banks adhere to standards that minimize conflicts of interest and ensure fair treatment of borrowers throughout the loan lifecycle and attention to the factors influencing foreclosure during loan application and assessment before disbursement will go a long way of mitigating the likelihood of default leading to foreclosure. Also Enhanced monitoring systems and rigorous client selection processes are vital for identifying high-risk borrowers early on, allowing banks to implement supportive measures that encourage repayment and reduce the likelihood of foreclosure.
Campus Greening, Property Aesthetics, and Learners’ Comfort: The Case of Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria
The significance of greening our campuses and enhancing their scenic beauty is increasingly recognized as vital for supporting student well-being, boosting academic engagement, enhancing property aesthetics and shaping institutional identity. This research sets out to explore how property, greening aesthetic appeal, and student comfort interact at Adeleke University, Ede, Nigeria. The study employed a mixed-methods research approach, utilizing structured questionnaires, field observations, and in-depth interviews to gather insights into students’ perceptions and experiences of their campus environment. The results indicate that property aesthetics, green spaces and visually appealing areas significantly improve students’ psychological comfort, sense of belonging, and overall satisfaction with their academic surroundings. Moreover, well-kept greenery, shaded spots, and artistic sculptures contribute to students’ relaxation, stress relief, and cognitive focus. This research highlights the importance of intentional landscape design and ecological care in fostering effective educational settings. It advocates for the strategic development of campuses as living laboratories and sustainable greening initiatives to strengthen the connection between built environments and nature.
Copyright (c) 2025 I. A. Ankeli, M. O. Lawal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Risk Management in Procurement Options Available to Construction Industries in Enugu Metropolis
The evaluation of cost overrun determinants were carried out in this research study using descriptive statistical design tool to analyze survey reports from both professionals in the construction industry and investors/risk bearers. The investigative study involved 506 respondents comprising of Architects, Builders, Estate surveyors and Quantity surveyors in Awka Anambra state using a well-structured questionnaire design. Two research questions; what are the determinants of cost overrun in real estate construction projects in the study area? And, what are the effects and the level of effects of the determinants of cost overrun in real estate construction projects? And corresponding hypotheses guided the study. Descriptive statistics (mean, percentage and frequency) were adopted in answering the research questions, while regression analysis were used in angering the research hypotheses. Findings reveal that cost overrun occurs in real estate construction projects caused by various factors at different degrees ranging from project management factors to experience and service level factors, leading to abandoned projects, engagement of quacks, and indecision by the project owner. It was therefore recommended that real estate developers should adopt and implement advanced project planning tools and engaged certified project managers during real estate project construction, ensure effective communication and collaboration among the project stakeholders, hire experienced contractors, comply with the rules of regulatory bodies, and apply relevant construction technology in the project construction processes, among other suggestions.
Evaluation of the Determinants of Cost Overrun in Real Estate Construction Projects in Awka, Anambra State