Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources Journal
Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Journal (AFNRJ) is a peer-reviewed, open-access, online, and print journal published in English by the Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. It has maintained continuous publication since 2022. AFNRJ publishes two (2) issues a year (March and September). The journal follows the “Online First” publishing method, where articles accepted for publication will appear online initially. The printed edition will follow on request. Authors are free to download their papers at any time; no complimentary reprints or hard copies of accepted articles will be provided, except on request. Authors retain copyright of published articles. As of 2024, the journal has changed its title to Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Journal (AFNRJ) ISSN (Electronic): 1597-7153 | ISSN (Print): 3043-5420. Previous Title (2022-2023): International Journal of Agriculture, Food and Biodiversity (IJAFAB). AFNRJ is listed in Google Scholar and the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Repository. Publishers are working on strategic content-sharing partnerships with leading databases so that articles published through AFNRJ are available to the international research community. The scope of the AFNRJ is to publish peer-reviewed original research papers, review papers, and short communications. The emphasis is on animal science, crop science, forest science, wildlife management, food science and technology, fisheries, aquaculture management, climate change and environmental management, agricultural economics, agricultural extension, horticulture, rural sociology, soil science, veterinary science, agricultural engineering, agroforestry practice, biotechnology, biomass, carbon, bioenergy, genetics and breeding, molecular biology, microbiology, landscape ecology, biometrics and remote sensing, nature conservation, ecotourism, rangeland management, and other relevant fields. See full EDITORIAL POLICY CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD Author's Guide Submit your article to: afnrj@journals.unizik.edu.ng
Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Authors retain the copyright of their published work in the AFNRJ.
Proximate composition and sensory properties of soy drink sold in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
A comparative study on the proximate composition and sensory properties of a laboratory-produced soy drink to those sold by vendors on the Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU) Awka campus was carried out. A total of six soy drink samples were randomly collected from different recognized selling points (Food Science and Technology (FST) food club = L1; Multipurpose Hall (MPH) = L2; Ifite school gate = L3; Faculty of Agriculture = L4; and Science Village = L5) in NAU, including a laboratory-produced sample (L0), and were subjected to proximate and sensory evaluation using standard procedure. The moisture, fat, protein, ash, fiber, and carbohydrate values ranged from 60.4-78.3, 0.56-2.5, 4.1-7.03, 0.22-3.01, 2.36-3.83 and 11.2-27.3%, respectively. It was observed that the soy drink sample from L1 had the highest values for protein (7.03%) and fat (2.5%) with the least moisture (60.4%), while the sample from L5 had the least carbohydrate value (11.2%). The soy sensory attributes of colour, taste, aroma, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability scored within ranges of 5.2-6.8, 1.8-7.8, 2.05-7.45, 4.1-6 and 2.65-7.4, respectively. The soy drink from L1 had the highest score for overall acceptability (7.4) with the acceptability index score of 82.2%, seconded by the L5 sample (62.9%). Hence, the soy drink from FST Food Club was the best among those tested.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eunice Ngozi ODOH, Chisom Ethelmary IKUEZE, Ernest Chukwusoro IGWE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of financial inclusion on cassava productivity of smallholder cassava farmers in Rivers State, Nigeria
This study assessed the effects of financial inclusion on cassava productivity of smallholder cassava farmers in Rivers State. Specifically, the study identified the financial inclusion products/services available in the study area, identified the providers of these products/services, and determined the effects of these products/services on cassava productivity. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to sample 357 respondents; data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 68.1% of the farmers used only accounts and payment services offered by commercial banks and banking agents/POS operators that constituted 99.4% of the financial services providers in the study area. The financial inclusion variables considered in the study explained 23.9% of the variation in cassava output (R2= 0.239). Credit (coefficient=0.323) and insurance (0.617) had positive and significant effects on productivity, while bank accounts (-0.140), investment (-0.138), and payment services (0.041) were not significant. The study concluded that financial inclusion has positive but limited effects on cassava output and that not all the financial inclusion services/products and providers were commonly available. Recommendations include educating farmers on impactful services, expanding product offerings by financial institutions, and providing incentives for establishing diverse financial service providers in rural areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of phytotoxic effects of integrated nutrient management techniques on soil nutrient availability and maize germination
Nutrient management, which strategically combines two or more nutrient sources (organic, inorganic, and mineral amendments), aims to enhance crop resilience and sustain soil fertility under climatic variability. However, the early-stage phytotoxin effects and nutrient-release dynamics of different NM formulations require clarification for maize production systems in Nigeria. A laboratory bioassay was conducted using eight NM treatments: control (no amendment), cow dung (CD), NPK 15:15:15 fertiliser (NPK), agricultural lime (AL), and their combinations (CD+NPK, CD+AL, NPK+AL, CD+NPK+AL). Water extracts of each treatment (1:10 and 1:1 w/v) were incubated for 24 h at 25 ± 2 °C, centrifuged, and filtered before phytotoxicity testing with maize (Zea mays L.) seeds. Germination percentage, root and shoot length, and germination index (GI) were measured. Extract pH, EC, and nutrient composition were analysed. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA, and means were separated with Tukey’s HSD at p ≤ 0.05. The extract pH ranged from 6.2 to 8.0. Single-mineral treatments (NPK, AL) exhibited moderate phytotoxicity (GI = 45–62%), while cow-dung-based combinations (CD+AL, CD+NPK, CD+NPK+AL) achieved higher GI ≥ 80%, indicating non-inhibition. The synergistic effect of organic inputs moderated extracted salinity and improved nutrient equilibrium. Enhanced early root vigour under combined CD-based treatments implies improved nutrient release and reduced osmotic stress. Combining cow dung with mineral fertilisers and lime effectively reduced phytotoxicity while improving nutrient balance, supporting precision and climate-smart integrated nutrient management adoption for maize systems in Nigeria
Geo-spatial variation of nutritional and phytochemical content of Okra in major agro-commercial zones in Ilorin, Nigeria
This study evaluated the proximate and phytochemical composition of Abelmoschus esculentus samples from three major markets in Ilorin: Oja-Oba, Mandate, and Ganmo to assess nutritional quality, bioactive potential, and spatial variability. Samples were analyzed for moisture, total dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat, crude fibre, and carbohydrates using standard analytical methods, while phytochemical profiling quantified alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Moisture content ranged from 66.71 ± 3.22% to 68.60 ± 2.15%, total dry matter from 31.54 ± 0.85% to 33.30 ± 2.35%, ash from 3.85% to 4.05%, and crude protein from 11.91 ± 1.80% to 12.51 ± 1.34%, indicating consistent nutritional contributions across markets. Fat and crude fibre were low (2.09–2.64% and 1.40–1.92%, respectively), while carbohydrates were slightly higher in Mandate samples (12.79 ± 0.66%). Phytochemicals were abundant, with alkaloids (16.52–20.07 mg/100 g) and saponins (15.53–19.27 mg/100 g) dominant, flavonoids (6.02–7.32 mg/100 g) and tannins (1.78–3.49 mg/100 g) moderate, and phenolics stable across markets (3.17–3.21 mg/100 g). Terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, and cardiac glycosides occurred at low but comparable levels. Limited spatial variability suggests compositional stability and reinforces the nutritional adequacy and functional potential of okra. These findings support targeted sourcing based on market origin for dietary and functional applications and provide a reference for future studies linking phytochemical profiles with agronomic and soil factors.
Effects of processing methods and botanical protectants on the susceptibility of dried cassava chips to larger grain borer
The larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus Horn) is a destructive storage pest of dried cassava chips in sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluated the effects of cassava processing methods and a botanical insecticide on adult mortality and postharvest damage of dried cassava chips. Chips were processed using two methods, parboiling and non-parboiling (plain)—and treated with graded concentrations of Zingiber officinale extract (500, 250, 125, and 62.5 µL/mL), alongside a reference insecticide and an untreated control. One hundred grams of each processed and treated sample were infested with ten unsexed adult P. truncatus under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality was recorded at 24, 48, and 72 h, and 7 days after treatment, while weight loss, perforation, and adult emergence were assessed following a 14-day oviposition period and an additional 25-day observation period. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were separated using least significant difference (LSD) at P < 0.05. Results showed that both processing method and Z. officinale concentration significantly influenced adult mortality and damage parameters (P < 0.05). At 500 µL/mL, adult mortality reached 100% at 7 DAT, while lower concentration (62.5 µL/mL) resulted in 68–70% mortality. Weight loss and perforation were completely prevented (0.00%) at 250–500 µL/mL, compared to the untreated control (86.33% weight loss and 100% perforation). Parboiled chips showed lower damage at moderate concentration, with reduced weight loss (4.67% vs 10.33%) and perforation (10.00% vs 15.66%) at 125 µL/mL. The findings indicate that combining parboiling with Z. officinale extract is an effective, low-cost postharvest strategy for reducing P. truncatus infestation and preserving the quality of dried cassava chips.
Assessment of physicochemical parameters and fish composition of Warwade reservoir, Jigawa State, Nigeria
This study investigated the seasonal variations in physicochemical parameters, plankton community structure, and fish species composition of Warwade Reservoir, Nigeria, from May to October. Monthly sampling was conducted to assess water quality variables including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate, and phosphate, and fish assemblages. Water samples for the determination of physicochemical parameters were collected at selected sampling points. Some parameters such as water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ (at the sampling site) using portable water quality meters. Other parameters were analyzed in the laboratory using standard methods, fish samples were collected from the catches of the fishermen and captured fish were identified to species level, counted and recorded, and data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine monthly variations. Results showed significant monthly variation in temperature, pH, and phosphate concentration (P< 0.05), while DO, EC, and nitrate exhibited no significant differences (P>0.05). Water quality parameters largely remained within permissible limits, indicating generally good water quality, although dissolved oxygen levels were consistently below the recommended 5 mg/L threshold. A total of nine fish species were recorded, with Oreochromis niloticus, Coptodon zilli, and Sarotherodon galilaeus being the most dominant. Fish abundance varied significantly across months (P< 0.05), with peak abundance occurring during August and September, corresponding with increased plankton productivity and favorable hydrological conditions. The study demonstrates that seasonal hydrological dynamics and nutrient availability play critical roles in shaping the ecological structure and productivity of Warwade Reservoir. Continuous monitoring and sustainable fisheries management strategies are recommended to ensure long-term ecosystem health and resource sustainability.
Morphological characterization of soils on false bedded sandstone for the production of cocoyam and bitter yam in Enugu Ezike, Nigeria
The successful management of land for crop production depends on understanding soil variation and its suitability for specific crops. This study characterized soils developed on false bedded sandstone used for cocoyam and bitter yam production in Enugu Ezike, Nigeria. Soil profiles were excavated, described morphologically, and sampled for physical and chemical analyses. Morphologically, the pedons were deep (up to 200 cm), with a dull reddish brown Ap horizon (7.5R 3/3) and reddish-brown subsoil horizons. Soil structure was weak to moderate and platy in surface horizons, becoming firmer with depth. Texture ranged from sandy loam at the surface to sandy clay loam and sandy clay in the subsoil, with bulk density between 1.34 and 1.60 g cm⁻³ and total porosity of 40-50%. Soil pH ranged from 5.1 to 6.0 (strongly to moderately acid). Soil organic carbon (0.14-0.68 g kg⁻¹) and total nitrogen (0.04-0.07 g kg⁻¹) were generally low, decreasing with depth. Available phosphorus ranged from 3.38 to 21.98 mg kg⁻¹ (low to high). Exchangeable calcium was the dominant base (0.40-1.40 cmolc kg⁻¹), and cation exchange capacity was low (4.40-6.00 cmolc kg⁻¹), indicating limited nutrient retention capacity. Land suitability evaluation classified the soils as not suitable (NS) for cocoyam and marginally suitable (S3) for bitter yam, with soil fertility as the primary constraint. Sustainable production of both crops requires improved fertilization and soil conservation practices to enhance nutrient supply and retention.
Grain and fodder yield performance of Maize (Zea mays [L.]) genotypes in humid agroecology
Productivity of maize in sub-Saharan Africa is declining due to poor soil health and fertility, low seed yield, and biotic and abiotic stresses. Baby trials were established on farms in humid agro-ecology during 2020-2021. Morpho-physiological, fodder and seed yield differences among maize genotypes grown on farmers’ fields and preferences for traits across years were investigated. A completely randomized design with each farmer’s location as a replicate was used. The weather attributes, soil physical and chemical properties, agronomic, fodder and seed yield were measured. The analysis of variance for 2020 and 2021 data was performed using PROC GLM procedure of Statistical Analysis System (Version 9.0). Farmers’ assessment was used to identify preferences for traits and challenges to production. Findings showed high variability for earliness, fodder and seed yield traits. Ear length and width, kernel row-1 were responsive to environmental factors over the years. The year effect was important in defining earliness, seed yield and yield traits. Across years 'DMR-ESR-Y' was earlier with short anther-silk-interval. ‘DMR-LSR-Y’ performed best for seed yield compared to ‘Oba super 6’ and ‘LNTP-SR-Y’. ‘Oba super 2’ gave the highest mean value for stover dry yield. Baby trials at Ado-Odo, Isaboro and Ayetoro villages had the highest seed yield. The stover dry weight peaked in Ayetoro. Findings support the development of extra early and early maturing varieties. ‘DMR-ESR-Y’, ‘DMR-LSR-Y’ and ‘LNTP-SR-Y’ are recommended for short cycle production, and as donor parents for fodder, seed yield, and total dry yield.
Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus juvenile fed supplemented diet of Ginger and Garlic
This study assessed the effects of dietary supplementation of the combination of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) powders on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Thus, 180 juveniles were randomly divided in triplicate into four treatments. In treatment-1, juveniles were fed with the control diet, while in treatments-2 and 3, they were fed a diet containing equal quantities of ginger and garlic to give the final proportions of 1% each; for treatment-4, a mixture of ginger and garlic was fed at 1%. Feeding trials were carried out for 56 days during which juveniles were fed twice daily at the rate of 5% of their body weight. Fish sampling was done every 14 days, during which juveniles per treatment were counted and measurements taken on a representative sample. The results obtained indicate that statistically the treatments are all the same. Treatment 3 recorded the lowest mean weight gain value of 4.27±1.00g, although this was statistically similar to the remaining treatments 1, 2, and 4 (p>0.05). A peak mean weight gain value of 7.03±1.67g was recorded in treatment 2, which was non-significantly different from other treatments. Treatment 3 also recorded the lowest percentage weight gain of 215.99±35.54, which was statistically non-significant (p>0.05). The highest value of 257.46±38.04 was observed in treatment-1. The feed conversion ratio values in all the treatments were statistically similar (p>0.05); however, the lowest value of 0.74±0.15 was recorded in treatment-2, and the highest value of 1.30±0.34 was recorded in treatment-3. Water parameters were registered at 2-week intervals; the results obtained are within the recommended range for aquaculture.
Influence of industrial effluents on quality and fertility of guinea savanna alfisols at NOUN research farm, Kaduna, Nigeria
Industrial wastewater is an increasing environmental concern in agricultural areas because of its effects on soil properties, nutrient dynamics, and long-term productivity. This study assessed the influence of industrial effluents on the chemical quality and fertility status of Guinea Savanna Alfisols at the NOUN Research Farm, Rigachikun, Kaduna State, Nigeria. A comparative sampling approach was used involving effluent-impacted and control plots, with soil collected at 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depths. Laboratory analyses determined soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd). Soil pH ranged from 6.72–7.05, indicating slightly acidic to neutral conditions. Electrical conductivity was higher in effluent-affected soils (0.72–0.96 dS m⁻¹) than in control soils (0.28–0.31 dS m⁻¹). Organic carbon ranged from 0.621.15%, while total nitrogen varied between 0.06–0.11%. Available phosphorus (7.8–15.4 mg kg⁻¹) was generally higher in effluent-impacted plots. Exchangeable sodium increased from 0.24–0.28 cmol kg⁻¹ in control soils to 0.51–0.62 cmol kg⁻¹ in affected soils, while CEC ranged from 6.5–9.8 cmol kg⁻¹. Heavy metal concentrations were also higher in impacted soils: Zn (1.202.84 mg kg⁻¹), Cu (0.70–1.36 mg kg⁻¹), Pb (15.7–42.5 mg kg⁻¹), and Cd (0.893.18 mg kg⁻¹), with Cd slightly above recommended limits in surface soils. Industrial effluents may improve nutrient availability in the short term but increase salinity and heavy metal accumulation, threatening long-term soil health and crop safety. Effluent treatment, regular soil monitoring, and appropriate fertility management are therefore recommended.
Farmers’ perception on the quality of agricultural extension services under the value chain development programme in Niger State, Nigeria
This study assessed farmers’ perceptions of the quality of agricultural extension services provided under the Value Chain Development Programme (VCDP) in Niger State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of participating farmers, explore their perceptions of extension service quality, and identify the challenges they experienced during programme implementation. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from a total of 100 rice farmers who were purposively selected from two rice-producing communities each in Mokwa and Bida Local Government Areas (LGAs). These were analysed using descriptive statistics and the weighted mean score of a four-point Likert scale. Results revealed that 65% of the respondents (mean = 2.80) agreed that extension agents provide timely and relevant information, while 77% of the farmers (mean = 3.03) perceived extension agents as knowledgeable about value chain processes. Additionally, farmers reported several constraints such as poor tailoring of advisory services to local conditions (70%, mean = 2.90), high cost of credit (66%, mean = 2.82), transportation difficulties (73%, mean = 3.03), and low digital literacy (63%, mean = 2.78). The study concludes that although extension services under the VCDP are generally valued, their effectiveness is hindered by these challenges. It was recommended that government agencies, NGOs, and development partners collaborate to enhance the capacity of extension agents, improve input supply, strengthen rural infrastructure, and support digital literacy initiatives to ensure more inclusive and impactful service delivery.
Integrating cluster technology and AI in cassava production: A triple helix approach to innovation and sustainability
Cassava is a vital food crop that supports food and economic security in sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. Its tolerance to poor soils and drought makes it valuable in tropical and subtropical regions. However, cassava production is limited by low yields, post-harvest losses, pests, diseases, climate change, and inefficient value chains. This paper explores the integration of cluster technology and artificial intelligence (AI) within the Triple Helix Model, which promotes collaboration among academia, industry, and government to improve cassava productivity and value-chain efficiency. Cluster technology enhances cooperation among farmers, processors, and researchers through geographic and agro-industrial clustering, reducing costs and improving access to infrastructure and resources. AI complements these efforts through machine learning, remote sensing, real-time disease detection, yield forecasting, and data-driven decision-making. Applications such as drone-based pest monitoring and AI-assisted supply chain management demonstrate the benefits of this synergy. Successful examples include EMBRAPA’s AI-cluster programmes in Brazil, which improved cassava breeding, and blockchain-enabled agricultural clusters in Thailand, which enhanced supply chain transparency. Despite these successes, adoption remains constrained by high implementation costs, limited digital literacy, inadequate infrastructure, and weak policy support, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The study concludes that integrating cluster technology and AI within the Triple Helix framework can transform cassava production, strengthen food security, improve economic resilience, and support climate adaptation. Stronger partnerships and enabling policies are essential to unlocking cassava’s full potential as a strategic crop for sustainable global food systems.
Impact of climate change on food production and food security
Climate change is accelerating at an unprecedented rate, gradually altering ecosystems and threatening global food production and access to nutritious food. With global temperatures rising by an average of 0.18°C per decade over the past four decades, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide and methane, are driving climatic variability that affects plants, animals, and human livelihoods. This review aims to examine how climate change alters food production systems and compromises food security, with a focus on the populations most vulnerable to these impacts. Findings indicate that rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events contribute to reduced crop yields, degraded soil quality, compromised supply chains, and heightened risk of food shortages. These effects intensify malnutrition, elevate mortality rates, and may lead to long-term population decline in severely affected regions. The review highlights the need for urgent adaptation strategies, including climate-resilient agricultural practices, improved resource management, and targeted policy interventions to protect at-risk communities.
Determinant of crop diversification among arable crop farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria
Crop diversification is a key risk mitigation and income stabilisation strategy for smallholder farmers, yet its adoption remains a concern among farmers in Kwara State. This study examines the determinants of crop diversification among arable crop farmers in Kwara State. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 208 respondents from the study area. Primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews and was analysed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and multinomial logistic regression. Findings revealed that the farmers were predominantly males with an average age of 44 years. Most of the farmers had secondary education and operated their farms with an average of 6.5 ha of land. Most (46.6%) of the farmers diversified into 4 – 7 crop types, majorly (67.8%) combining cereals, legumes, and tubers to manage risk. Results of multiple regression showed that diversification levels were influenced by age (p=0.022), years in school (p=0.002), marital status (p=0.037), farming experience (p=0.051), farm size (p=0.024), irrigation access (p=0.000), farm training (p=0.013), and market distance (p=0.002). Multinomial regression indicated that the choice of diversification into cereals and legumes was influenced by marital status (p=0.030), land tenure (p=0.034), and number of crops grown (p=0.017), while the choice to diversify into cereals and tubers was influenced by farm income (p=0.081), farming experience (p=0.099), access to extension agents (p=0.005), access to irrigation facilities (p=0.066), and number of crops grown (p=0.000). The study recommends strengthening access to credit, irrigation, and extension services for commercial-oriented diversification and training to promote profitable cropping systems among smallholder farmers.
Constraints to the export performance of agro-based manufacturing firms in Nigeria
This study evaluated the factors that hinder Nigerian agro-based firms' export performance. The probability proportional to size (PPS) selection approach was used to choose a sample of 127 agro-based enterprises from the functional 186 firms for this study to accomplish this goal. This study's goal was accomplished through the application of principal component analysis. According to empirical findings, Asia accounted for 46.46%, while the West (USA and Europe) absorbed 17% of Nigeria’s agro-based product exports. The result of the principal component analysis indicates that 51.22% of the variance was explained by four variables. Production and marketing restrictions make up the first factor (26.41%), followed by human capital and infrastructure constraints (9.20%), administrative or institutional constraints (8.22%), and financial constraints (7.39%). The study concludes that the export of the nation’s agro-based products is constrained by production and marketing, human capital and infrastructural challenges, and administrative/institutional challenges. The study recommends that government-sponsored programs should be improved and made more sustainable to help exporters and agro-based manufacturing companies to raise the quality of their goods. For Nigerian goods to satisfy international standards, these issues necessitate the upgrading of the power supply and the removal of administrative bottlenecks.
Performance evaluation of a screw press expeller for oil extraction from white Melon (Cucumeropsis mannii) seeds
This study investigated the effects of varying the speed, pressure, time, and temperature across multiple levels on the performance of a screw press expeller for extracting oil from white melon (Cucumeropsis mannii) seeds. A factorial design was implemented, consisting of three factors and three levels each, resulting in a total of 27 experimental runs. The data from the experiments were analysed using ANOVA and modelled with the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The findings revealed that speed, pressure, and extraction time influenced oil yield significantly (p value < 0.005). The results obtained for throughput were also similar. In both cases, speed has the greatest effects. The conditions for optimal oil yield, determined statistically were 550 rpm speed, screw pressure of 6 turns, and time of 9 minutes, giving an oil yield of 29% at a throughput of 13 kg/min. Thus, while maintaining low pressure settings may reduce operational complexity and costs, speed adjustments are vital for optimizing the screw press's performance. These findings provide practical guidelines for the industrial application of screw presses, offering insights into achieving higher efficiency in oilseed processing.
Variation in agronomic performance, cooking time and quality of high performing second-generation biofortified common bean in Democratic Republic of Congo
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a vital source of protein and micronutrients for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa, yet adoption of improved varieties depends on both agronomic performance and consumer-preferred traits. The present study evaluated 285 second-generation biofortified common bean genotypes alongside five local checks at Butembo and Lukanga, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), during the 2022 long rain season. Farmer participatory selection was conducted at flowering and maturity stages, emphasizing vigor and pod number. Hydration coefficient, cooking time, integrity after cooking, and sensory evaluation of cooked beans were also assessed. Results showed that 124 biofortified genotypes were selected by farmers, with pod numbers ranging from 14 to 27 compared to 9–13 for local checks. Hydration coefficients were higher in biofortified genotypes (1.4–3.4) than in local varieties (1.7–2.0). Conversely, cooking times were shorter in biofortified genotypes (73–170 min) compared to local lines (120–144 min). A significant negative correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between hydration coefficient and cooking time. Sensory evaluation revealed acceptable taste, flavour, and starchiness for most biofortified genotypes, though some showed undesirable traits. Overall, biofortified genotypes combined large pod numbers with shorter cooking times, meeting both farmer and consumer preferences and hence being promising for adoption in Eastern DRC.
Adaptation behaviour of arable crop farmers towards drought in Kwara State, Nigeria
This study investigates the adaptation behaviour of arable crop farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used in selecting 200 respondents for the study. Data were obtained using an interview schedule and were analysed using percentages, means, standard deviation, and multiple regression at p≤0.05. The results showed that ridging (x̄ = 1.78), planting cover crops to prevent erosion and retain moisture (x̄ = 1.39), and use of legumes to improve soil fertility naturally (x̄ = 1.12) were the most frequent drought management practices used by the arable farmers. The overall adaptation behaviour towards drought was poor (x̄ = 2.84). Age (β = -0.118), household size (β = 0.278), access to weather forecast information (β = 0.319), land ownership status (β = 0.507), and access to irrigation facilities (β = 0.109) significantly influenced the adaptation behaviour of the respondent towards drought. The study recommended increased investment on localized weather forecasting systems and targeted training programs on climate-smart agriculture and drought mitigation techniques.
Physical and combustion properties of composite briquette produced from wheat offal and carbonised hardwood sawdust
With the growing population and the relative cost of conventional fuels, biomass resources, especially forest and agro-residues, can serve as an alternative and affordable energy source for the significant majority of the global population. Hence, this study investigated the physical and combustion properties of briquettes produced from a blend of carbonised sawdust and wheat offal at 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20, and 50:50 ratios (carbonised sawdust: wheat offal), using inorganic starch as a binder at 3%, 6%, and 9% inclusion levels. The study adopted a 3×5 factorial experiment in a completely randomised design and the briquettes produced were analysed based on their physical and combustion properties. The physical properties investigation revealed density ranged from 0.437 to 1.109 g/cm3.and the moisture content ranged from 3.14 to 9.87%. Briquettes made from an 80:20 biomass mixing ratio have the lowest moisture content (3.14%) and the highest compressed and relaxed density 1.109 g/cm3 and 0.601 g/cm3, respectively). While the average volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon, and heating values of the briquette ranged from 20.29 to 32.90%, 3.99 to 13.43%, 49.92 to 70.58%, and 28.158 to 31.029 MJ/kg, respectively. Briquettes made from a 20:80 biomass mixing ratio have the highest volatile matter content (32.90%), while those made from an 80:20 ratio have the highest fixed carbon content (70.58%) and heating value (31.092 MJ/kg). Findings of the study revealed that the briquette produced exhibited desirable properties, and that 80:20 biomass mixing and 6% binder inclusion produced briquettes with the most desirable characteristics and are thus recommended for producing quality composite briquettes from agricultural and forest-based residues
Urban food waste for digestate production: Implications for soil health and circular economy in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria
Food waste poses a significant environmental and socio-economic concern in urban areas of Nigeria, where disposal methods remain largely unregulated and underutilized. This study investigates food waste generation, composition, and disposal practices across four Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Benin Metropolis: Ovia North-East, Ikpoba Okha, Oredo, and Egor with a view to assessing its viability as feedstock for digestate production. A structured questionnaire was employed in the survey via a multistage sampling of a total of 143 respondents, and these data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests (χ²). Results revealed that food waste originated predominantly from residential sources (mean = 64.43%, SD = 9.06), with significant variation across LGAs (χ² = 10.75, df = 3, p = 0.013). Non-cooked food waste (44.32% residential, 45.28% commercial) constituted the bulk of organic waste, though segregation practices were limited (only 16% segregated waste). Disposal was primarily via public dumpsites (41%) and commercial sanitation services (35%). The study highlights the untapped potential of food waste as an input for digestate-based soil fertility enhancement. It recommends improved waste segregation, decentralized composting infrastructure, and policy reform as pathways to advancing sustainable organic agriculture, improving soil health and food security and achieving circular economy goals in urban Nigeria.
Proximate composition, B-vitamin content and sensory properties of cookies produced from wheat–Egusi (Citrullus colocynthis) flour blends
This study evaluated the proximate composition, vitamins (B1 and B2), and sensory attributes of cookies produced from wheat and egusi (Citrullus colocynthis) flour blends. Egusi seeds were dehulled, washed, oven-dried, and milled into flour, which was subsequently blended with all-purpose wheat flour in varying proportions (100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20) to produce cookies. The formulated cookies were analyzed for proximate composition and micronutrient content using standard methods. Sensory evaluation was conducted using a structured nine-point hedonic scale, with the control sample (W100E0) included for comparison. The ash content increased from 1.33% to 1.81%, and protein (17.63 - 19.99%), fat (14.10 - 24.00%), and carbohydrate rose from 35.59% to 54.52%, compared to the control (W100E0) values, which were 1.25%, 12.36%, 21.41%, and 43.04%, respectively. A slight reduction was observed in moisture content (10.46 - 16.30%) and fiber content (1.28 - 1.91%) relative to the control. Sensory evaluation revealed that all the cookie samples were generally acceptable to the panelists, with the 100:0 (W100E0) and 90:10 (W90E10) formulations receiving the highest preference scores. The findings suggest that the inclusion of Egusi flour in cookie production enhances nutritional quality while maintaining good sensory attributes, making it a viable ingredient for cookie fortification.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Appraisal of the impact of knotty tissues on the wood properties utilization: A Systematic review
This study comprehensively reviews the influence of knots on the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of wood, with particular emphasis on their implications for material performance utilization. Knots are anatomically distinct from surrounding wood tissue, being denser, harder, more resinous, and exhibiting different shrinkage behavior. Several experimental results indicate that wood density increases with increasing knot area in the cross section, while volumetric shrinkage decreases. In contrast, mechanical properties such as bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and impact bending strength show a pronounced reduction as knot area increases. Specimens containing a high proportion of knots also exhibit lower compression strength parallel to the grain compared with clear wood. Hardness values are significantly higher within knotted regions, whereas adjacent knot-free areas display reduced hardness. Beyond mechanical performance, knots adversely affect appearance quality, machining behavior, adhesive performance, and chemical uniformity, thereby reducing the overall use value and economic value of wood products. Although the higher density of knots has limited influence on the bulk density of wood, suggesting that knotty clear wood may be treated similarly in density-based applications, the presence of knots significantly alters other critical properties that govern structural performance and processing efficiency. These findings provide a systematic understanding of the role of knots in wood quality and serve as a baseline for material selection, grading, and utilization strategies in wood-based industries.
Effect of weed management methods and plant spacing on the growth and yield of cassava morphotypes
An integrated weed management system comprising crop spacing, cassava variety, and different weed control methods in the control of M. invisa in cassava farms was done at Umudike, Southeastern Nigeria, for two cropping seasons. This was conducted in two seasons under a split-split-plot design within a randomized complete block design, replicated three times. The main plot treatments consisted of three crop spacings [1m x 0.6m (S1), 1m x 0.8m (S2), and 1m x 1m (S3)]. Two cassava varieties with contrasting morphologies—sparse branching TME 419 (V1) and profuse branching NR 8082 (V2)—were used as subplot treatments. The sub-sub-plot treatments included four weed control methods: hoe weeding at 4, 8 & 12 WAP [weeks after planting (W1)]; application of pre-emergence herbicide (Primextra G. 660 sc at rate 2.5 kg a.i./ha) 1 DAP + hand weeding at 12 and 16 WAP (W2); application of pre-emergence herbicide (Primextra G. 660 sc at rate 2.5 kg a.i./ha) 1 DAP + post-emergence herbicide (Envoke at rate 7 g a.i./ha) at 8 WAP (W3); and control [weedy plot (W0)]. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA),
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibeabuchi UKO, Friday EKELEME, Anderson Chidi AMADIOHA, Lawrence Ikpor CHUKWU, Solomon Chijioke UKO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A relook on the resistance of plant pathogenic fungi to the fungicide Benzimidazoles: What is there to learn?
Benzimidazoles are systemic fungicides that disrupt fungal energy metabolism by binding with high affinity to β-tubulin, thereby interfering with microtubule assembly. Resistance to this group of fungicides is primarily associated with alterations in the β-tubulin gene that reduce fungicide binding. Single-point mutations, especially at codon 198 (GAG→GCG, resulting in the E198A substitution), are among the most frequently reported mechanisms. Similar substitutions at other amino acid positions in β-tubulin have also been linked to resistance in several plant pathogenic fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, Helminthosporium solani, and Tapesia acuformis, as well as in various field-resistant populations. In Fusarium fujikuroi, resistance has been associated specifically with mutations in the β2-tubulin (β2tub) gene rather than β1-tubulin (β1tub). A Tyr50Asp substitution in β1-tubulin has been shown to confer resistance in UV-induced mutants of Fusarium moniliforme. Additional mutations such as Phe167Tyr, Glu198Ala, Glu198Val, Glu198Gly, and Phe200Tyr have been reported in F. graminearum, Helminthosporium solani, and other phytopathogenic fungi, further demonstrating the diversity of resistance-associated substitutions within the β-tubulin gene. In F. asiaticum, a point mutation at codon 198 in the β2-tubulin gene has been strongly correlated with high levels of resistance to carbendazim. Removal of the fourth intron in β2tub increases sensitivity to carbendazim in F. graminearum, whereas deletion of the first and second introns enhances β2-tubulin protein expression and consequently reduces sensitivity. This review therefore examines the molecular basis and diversity of resistance mechanisms to benzimidazoles among economically important plant pathogenic fungi.
Inventory-based assessment of tree growth variables for mixed tropical species in Okomu forest reserve, Nigeria
Forest inventory is a crucial component of sustainable forest management that requires strong monitoring programmes. However, due to the perceived high cost of forest inventory, many forest managers do not regularly update growth characteristics information. Updated information on growth variables is essential for determining forest production potential and ensuring accountability for sustainable management. This study investigated inventory-based assessment of tree growth variables for mixed tropical species in Okomu Forest Reserve (OFR), Nigeria. Using a systematic sampling technique, 2,949 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 10 cm were assessed within 60 plots measuring 50 m × 50 m, alternately laid at 200 m intervals along 15 transects (1 km each). Tree growth variables measured included DBH and total height (TH). Other variables estimated were Basal Area (BA), Stem Volume (SV), Stand Density (N), Canopy Cover, and Slenderness Coefficient (SC). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that DBH and TH ranged from 10–197 cm, 6.0–48.0 m respectively. BA ranged from 9.0–42.8 m²/ha, SV (121.7–1094.0 m³/ha), and N (128–424 trees/ha). Canopy cover was approximately 48%. About 35% of the trees were within the diameter class ≤ 20 cm; 0.2% and 0.6% were within the 100–110 cm and >110 cm classes, respectively. TSC showed that 68 trees/ha had high SC (>80), 28 trees/ha were moderate (TSC: 70-80) and 101 trees/ha (<70) were low. The study concludes that growth variables provide essential baseline information for effective forest management and decision-making and recommends consistent updating of tree growth data
Growth response of Cola lepidota K. Schum. seedlings to organic soil amendments under nursery conditions
Regeneration of tropical forest species depends largely on successful seedling establishment, which is influenced by soil fertility and nutrient management. Nursery propagation of indigenous tropical tree species is often limited by poor soil fertility and inadequate nutrient availability. This study investigated the growth response of Cola lepidota seedlings to selected organic soil amendments under controlled nursery conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Forestry Nursery of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments; topsoil (control), topsoil amended with cow dung, poultry manure, and pig manure. Each treatment was replicated sixty (60) times. Growth variables measured include collar diameter (CD), seedling height (HT), and leaf chlorophyll content (LCₜᵣₐₙₛ). Results showed that pig manure significantly enhanced seedling growth, recording the highest mean collar diameter (5.7 mm), height (17.1 cm), and chlorophyll content (3.39). Poultry manure also performed well (CD = 5.4 mm; HT = 16.8 cm), while cow dung recorded the lowest values (CD = 4.7 mm; HT = 12.7 cm). ANOVA revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) for collar diameter (F = 6.36) and height (F = 6.37), but no significant difference for chlorophyll content (F = 1.24; p > 0.05). The findings demonstrate that organic amendments, particularly pig and poultry manure, significantly improve early seedling growth through enhanced nutrient availability and soil conditioning. The study recommends the use of pig manure for optimal nursery performance of Cola lepidota species.
Effect of cashless policy on agricultural activities of arable crop farmers in Egbeda, Oyo State, Nigeria
A cashless policy decreases the bulk of physical cash that individuals/corporate bodies carry for business transactions on a daily basis. This study analysed the effects of the cashless policy on the agricultural activities of arable crop farmers in Egbeda Local Government, Oyo State. A descriptive research design was used for this study. The data source was primary, and valid responses were used through the interview schedule. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 120 respondents. Data were analysed using frequency, percentage, mean, and Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC) at p=0.05. The results revealed that respondents had an average age of 52 years, 6 persons per household, 21.9 years of farming experience, and 2.8 hectares of farm size. The cashless policy positively impacted areas of transparency of financial transactions (x̄=3.78), convenience of financial transactions (x̄=3.77), and effective management of financial records (x̄=3.74). However, on a negative note, it aided difficulties in accessing funds promptly due to technical issues (x̄=3.68). Respondents were able to cope with cashless policy difficulties by opening mobile banking accounts to make transactions (91.7%) and maintaining detailed records of financial transactions (85.0%). There was no significant relationship between engagement in the utilisation of the cashless policy and arable crop farmers’ production in the study area. The study concluded that the cashless policy had brought about positive and negative effects on the finances of arable farmers. The study recommends more awareness, increased mobile/internet network coverage, and availability of more cash points to support arable crop farmers to adapt effectively to the cashless policy.
Diversity and composition of tree species in University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
This study assessed the diversity and composition of tree species of the University of Benin (UNIBEN) in Benin City, Nigeria. Tree characteristics such as diameter at breast height (Dbh) and height measurement were obtained during the field inventory. A complete inventory was carried out in five different sample plots at the University of Benin. Data collected were analysed using biodiversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener diversity index, important value index, dominance index, species evenness, and results were presented in means, percentages, charts, and tables. A total population of 666 trees distributed among 18 families and 41 species was identified, with Fabaceae (14.63%) and Meliaceae (14.63%) being the most dominant families and Tectona grandis being the most occurring tree species with a relative density of 61.11%. However, the diversity index 1.79 > 1 is an indication of moderate diversity. Also, the tree species dominance index of 0.39 was recorded. Hence, urban forests are rich in tree diversity and can provide diverse ecosystem services to their communities. To manage sustainably, an urban forest inventory should be regularly carried out.
Trace element profiling in wood residue and lignin extracts of Ficus exasperata (Vahl.) using atomic adsorption spectrometer technique
Trace element profiling analyzes the concentration and distribution of essential minerals and micronutrients within plant biomass. This study examined the inorganic constituents of Ficus exasperata by profiling its Milled-Wood Residue (MWR) and Extracted Lignin (EL). Three trees aged 18, 20, and 25 years were felled from the Arboretum of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. Their merchantable lengths were 3.78 m, 3.50 m, and 3.60 m, with diameters at breast height of 15.8, 18.46, and 20.05 cm, respectively. Discs were collected at the base (10%), middle (50%), and top (90%) along the sampling height. Lignin extraction and silica (Si) content were determined using standard procedures. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was employed to quantify manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance. Results revealed that Si, Mn, and Pb were absent in EL but Si was 6.11% in MWR at the top wood. Calcium exhibited the highest concentration (68.89%) at the mid-wood in MWR, while EL recorded 10% at the top. Al, Mg, and Pb had the lowest contents, ranging from 0.01–0.05%. These findings establish a baseline elemental profile of Ficus exasperata MWR and EL, indicating its potential for applications in pulp production, bioenergy generation, and sustainable material technologies.
Quality evaluation of biscuits produced from wheat flour using peanut butter as fat substitute
Quality evaluation of biscuits produced from wheat flour using peanut butter as a fat substitute was studied. Five samples were produced using 100% wheat flour (BBZ: 100% butter; RMD: 10% butter and 90% peanut butter; OKW: 20% butter and 80% peanut butter; BFB: 30% butter and 70% peanut butter; FMB: 40% butter and 60% peanut butter) and were subjected to different analyses: mineral, proximate, and vitamin composition, as well as sensory evaluation. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and mean separated by the Duncan Multiple Range Test (p<0.05). The moisture, protein, fat, fiber, ash, and carbohydrate ranged from 7.22 - 9.35%, 3.95 - 4.25%, 18.35 - 26.98%, 0.39 - 1.23%, 1.85 - 2.40% and 56.65 - 66.40% respectively. The samples contain significant (p<0.05) amounts of potassium (27.50-45.00 mg/100g), calcium (202.50-237.50 mg/100g), magnesium (47.50-67.75 mg/100g), iron (7.85-9.25 mg/100g), phosphorus (160.00-195.00 mg/100g), and sodium (262.50-287.50 mg/100g) content. The addition of peanut butter had a significant effect on the mineral content of the biscuits due to the presence of the peanut. The samples contained ascorbic acid (4.80-5.30 mg/100g), vitamin B1 (0.09-0.15 (mg/100g), Vitamin B2 (0.19 - 0.22 mg/100g) and Vitamin B3 (1.73 - 1.83mg/100g). The value of sensory scores for taste, colour, appearance, texture, and overall acceptability ranged from 7.50 - 9.10, 5.70 - 7.10, 7.90 - 8.90, 8.10 - 8.80 and 7.60-8.00 respectively. There was a significant (p<0.05) difference among samples in the sensory panelist ratings of taste, colour, appearance, texture, and overall acceptability.