e-Proceedings of the Faculty of Agriculture International Conference
Conference e-proceedings from the Faculty of Agriculture International Conferences are contained here. The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the editorial board but of individual authors. The Editorial board of the Faculty of Agriculture International Conference (FAIC) appreciates those who subscribe to the journal, reviewers and the consulting editors for their contributions. Authors are to send their articles through: faic@conf.unizik.edu.ng or fagunizikconference2024@gmail.com
Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Beyond Expectations: The Annals of Prof. Cordelia Ebenebe's Deanship Tenure
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Residual Effects of Selected Organic Mulches on Soil Physico-chemical Properties and Yellow Pepper (Capsicum chinese) Yield in Awka, South-Eastern Nigeria
A study on the residual effects of selected organic mulches on soil physico-chemical properties and yield of yellow pepper (Capsicum chinese) was conducted in the Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Management (LRM) Research farm, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Oil palm fiber (OPF), rice husks and neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) were used as mulching materials and the residual effects were evaluated on the second year. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Least Significant Difference at 5% level of probability. The physical properties of the plots mulched with oil palm fiber had the least value for moisture content (22.98), hydraulic conductivity (14.4) and total porosity (49.54) among the mulched plots, while the least value for bulk density was found in soils mulched with Neem leaves (1.30). The soil mulched with neem leaves tended towards neutrality (pH = 6.2) compared to the others; had the highest values for available phosphorus (24.14), nitrogen (0.33), calcium (9.02), magnesium (4.46), effective cation exchange capacity (15.7) and base saturation (93.59) and the least values for aluminum (0.32) and hydrogen (0.64), which are indicators of a healthy and productive soil. The plots mulched with rice husk produced the highest value (2.2kg/2m) on yield among the mulched plots. Among the organic mulches tested in this work, neem leaves and rice husk proved to be better for the production of yellow pepper.
Extrusion Technology: Innovative Solution for Instant Food Production
Extrusion technology is emerging as a preferred method in agro-food processing, leveraging mixing, forming, texturing, and cooking to develop innovative food products. Extrusion cooking is a high-temperature, short time process that effectively inactivates enzymes and minimizes microbial contamination. The preference for extrusion cooking stems from its ability to achieve high productivity while preserving nutrients more effectively than conventional cooking techniques. The food processing sector has come to rely on extrusion technology due to its numerous benefits, which surpass those of other processing techniques. As a cost-effective approach, it provides a flexible platform for processing various food products from different groups, enabling adjustment to ingredients and processing parameters. Extrusion technology is employed in the food processing industry for the manufacture of various food products, such as snacks, pasta, breakfast cereals, pet foods, supplementary foods, and textured foods. It is an economically viable method for recovering and reutilizing food processing by-products and residues, thereby reducing waste and enhancing food security. The adaptability of extrusion technology facilitates the development of nutritionally enhanced products and value-added products through the strategic combination of cost-effective raw materials. Extruded products exhibit reduced moisture content, extended shelf-life, and enhanced microbiological safety. This technology offers several advantages, including product versatility, superior quality, enhanced productivity, and minimized processing time.
Assessment of Arable Farmers’ Response to the Impact of Urbanisation in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria
Expansion of urban areas, causing demand for more residential, commercial, and industrial spaces, poses profound impacts on rural farming community land that feeds the populace. Urbanization not only reduces the amount of land available for food production but also leads to fragmentation of agricultural landscapes, making farming activities more challenging. This study sought to assess the response of arable farmers to the impacts of urbanization in Ilorin Metropolis, Kwara State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling procedure was used in selecting one hundred and sixty-seven respondents for the study. Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire and was analyzed through frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation and chi-square. The result revealed that majority of the respondents were males (73.7%), married (87.4%) and with an average age of about 56.7 years. About half (59.1%) of the respondents indicated awareness of urban farming techniques. Diversification into livestock production (x̄=1.67) and engaging in non-farming activities (x̄ =1.55) were the major responses of the farmers to the impacts of urbanization. The results also revealed that age, primary occupation and household size have a significant relationship with the farmers’ responses to the impacts of urbanization at p<0.05 level of significance. The study concluded that more awareness in the form of educational programmes should be deployed to farmers on urban agriculture practices and recommended formulation of policies that balance urban development with agricultural sustainability in Nigeria.
Assessment of the Constraints of Orange Flesh Sweet Potato Production in Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria
This study was on constraints of orange flesh sweet potato production in the Awka South local government area of Anambra state. A multistage sampling technique was employed in the selection of location and respondents. The data were collected from 100 orange flesh sweet potato small holder farmers. The primary instrument used for data collected was structured questionnaire. Data obtained was analyzed with descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Majority of the farmers are male (75.0%), with average age of 47 years. Majority (60.0%) of the farmers are married, greater proportion (56.0%) of the farmers have 16 years and above farming experience, (65.0%) of the farmers had secondary education, (57.0%) of the farmers have 6 – 10 people in their households, and majority (72.0%) have a farm size of 11 plots and above. The coefficient (1.048) of the Farm size was positive and significant at 5% level of probability. Age, household size, education, extension contact and access to credit have a positive influence on orange flesh sweet potato production at a 1% level of probability. The model's robustness, explaining 67.00% of profit variability, revealed the significance of these factors in shaping economic outcomes. Furthermore, the challenges faced by farmers, with their mean scores are as follows Low Capital (M = 3.10), far Distance from the Farm (M = 3.06), high cost of labor (M = 3.33), Attack of Pests and Diseases (M = 3.04), and Lack of Improved potato vines (M = 3.00). In conclusion, addressing these constraints through research and policy measures is crucial to enhancing the economic viability of orange flesh sweet potato production. The study recommended that there is need to improve the productivity of farmers by encouraging increased use of improved production technologies and availability of cheap credit to the producers.
Comparative Analysis of Profits of Organic and Non-organic Fluted Pumpkin Production in Rivers State, Nigeria
This study examines the profits of organic and non-organic farming among small holder fluted pumpkin farmers in Rivers State. A multistage sampling technique was employed in the selection of location and respondents. The data were collected from 240 organic and non-organic small holder fluted pumpkin farmers. The primary instrument used for data collected was structured questionnaire. Data obtained was analyzed with Enterprise budgeting method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results indicated that the average profit realized by organic fluted pumpkin farmers in Rivers State was N 280,570, while the average profit realized by non-organic was N101, 050. The result of Analysis of Variance reveals that there is a statistically significant difference in the mean profit of organic fluted pumpkin production and non- organic (conventional system) of fluted pumpkin production in the study area at 1% probability level. The result indicates that the difference between the mean profit in organic farming technology and non-organic farming technology was not statistically different at 1% probability level. The mean profit in subset two which comprises organic and non-organic technology was also not statistically significant at 1% probability level. The study suggested that extension agents should train farmers frequently for easy adoption of the technology.
Influence of Social Capital Dimension on the Adoption of Organic broiler Production Practices in Anambra State, Nigeria
Adoption of organic farming practices (OFP) is stimulated by adequate knowledge about the concept, resources, and access to markets. Social groups from where farmers draw their social capital play a critical role in awareness and adoption of (OFP) but have been underutilized over the years. Thus, this study examined influence of social groups on the adoption of organic broiler production in Anambra state, Nigeria. The three-stage sampling procedure was adopted to select 120 broiler farmers. Six Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected based on their involvement in broiler production in the first stage. Two communities were randomly selected from each LGAs, and simple random sampling method was used to select ten farmers from each of the twelve selected communities. Data was collected on socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, social group participation and organic broiler production Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and logit at α 0.05. A household belong to an average of 4.55 social groups with diversity index average of 37.73%. Meeting attendance index average was 86.74% and average monthly cash contribution was N 1,500.02/month. Years spent in school, experience, density index, training, meeting attendance index and aggregate social capital positively and significantly affect adoption of organic broiler production practices. Social capital improves the adoption of organic broiler production practices. This study therefore recommends that farmers should belong to more local level associations and attend meetings regularly.
Effect of Climate Change on Rice Productivity in Nigeria
This study analyzed the effects of climate change on rice productivity in Nigeria from 1991 to 2022. It assessed how climate variables such as rainfall, temperature, sunshine duration, carbon dioxide emissions, and relative humidity influenced rice productivity. The research utilized secondary data analyzed through econometric models, including the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests. The findings revealed that in the long run, annual rainfall and lagged temperature, carbon dioxide emissions, and relative humidity were significant at 5% determinants of rice productivity, while in the short run, current temperature and lagged climate factors played a crucial role. The study concluded that climate change significantly impacted rice productivity in Nigeria during the study period. It recommends the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties, improved irrigation infrastructure, and enhanced agricultural extension services to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on rice productivity in Nigeria.
Innovative Feed Technology in Aquaculture Production in Nigeria
Auaculture is the fastest growing food sector in Nigeria which has the potential to meet the increasing demand for fish and ensure food security. The success of aquaculture heavily relies on the quality and efficiency of the feed provided to fish. High quality fish feed is important for the success of aquaculture because it significantly affects fish health, growth, and the sustainability of aquaculture operations. One of the significant challenges in aquaculture production is the high cost and limited availability of sustainable fish feed. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the development of innovative feed technology that can help to improve the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production in Nigeria. These technologies include the use of sustainable alternative feed ingredients, advanced feed processing methods, implementation of automated feeding systems and the use of functional feed additives. Traditional fish feed are typically based on fishmeal and fish oil, which are expensive and in limited supply. Sustainable alternatives to fish meal such as plant-based proteins, insect meals, single-cell proteins, and microalgae improve feed sustainability, reduce costs of feed production and reliance on wild fish stocks. Advancements in feed processing, including extrusion, pelleting, and encapsulation improve feed digestibility, reduce nutrient losses, and enhance feed conversion efficiency. Technological innovations in automated feeding systems such as AI-driven sensors, drones, and automated feeders minimize waste, improve feed conversion ratios, and reduce operational costs. The inclusion of functional feed additives, such as prebiotics, probiotics, enzymes, and immunostimulants enhance feed digestibility, boost immune function, and promote growth performance in fish. Continued research and investment in feed innovation will be important for the long-term success of the aquaculture sector in Nigeria.
Microplastic Contamination: An Emerging Concern for the Aquatic Environment
Microplastics (MPs) are so widely dispersed and abundant throughout the globe that many scientists consider them to be important markers of the recent and current time - Plasticene. The pollution of aquatic ecosystems by plastic litter is considered a common topic of serious ecological concern. Microplastics are plastic wastes with particulates less than 5 mm in size that are absorbed by sediments, water, atmosphere, and living organisms therefore affecting environmental and human health. This review focuses on the sources, transport, fate and factors influencing the release of microplastics into aquatic ecosystems and also highlights the possible impact of these toxic micro-sized particles on aquatic lives and human health. It also discusses the available microplastic challenges, remediation and perspective for microplastic pollution management as well as green strategies for reducing microplastic contamination in water bodies. Potential ecological and health risks emanate from their ability to adsorb and transport toxic chemicals, and ease of absorption into the cells of living organisms and interfering with physiological processes. Mitigation strategies have been identified to overcome effects of the microplastics on the environment including educational campaigns aimed at improving public awareness of the plastics contamination, encouraging reuse and recycling, placing prohibitions on microplastics-free (Microbead-Free) in personal care products, putting heavy fines for plastic consumers among others. Several methods for removing microplastics, are grouped into three categories: engineered, biodegradable, and bioengineered approaches. This review promotes concise literature on microplastics and encourages further studies among researchers on this aspect of science.
Prospects and Challenges of using Fish Species for Biomedical Research in Nigeria: A Review
This review investigates the prospects and challenges of using fishes for biomedical research in Nigeria, highlighting the potential benefits and research application of various fish species in biomedical studies. Fish species have been utilized in biomedical research in different parts of the world due to their unique anatomical, physiological and genetic characteristics.Many fish species have been used in biomedical research, including zebra fish (Danio rerio), Mexican tetra fish (Astyanax mexicanus), killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri), goldfish (Carassius auratus), Medaka (Oryzias latipes), Clarias gariepinus (African Catfish), Tilapia species (e.g., Oreochromis niloticus), Common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Zebra fish (Danio rerio) is one of the most commonly used species due to its genetic similarity to humans and it’s ability to serve as models for various human diseases. The various aquatic habitats in Nigeria provide a rich source of fish species that can be used for different biomedical studies. The potentials of biomedical research is also driven by the fast growth of aquaculture and the study of fish as bio indicators for environmental health. There is also a growing interest in utilizing fish species for biomedical research,in the areas of cancer research, drug development, and toxicological studies in Nigeria. Despite the potential benefits of using fish species in biomedical research, there are several challenges that need to be addressed. Limited infrastructure, funding, and professionalism in fish research may hinder the progress of utilizing fish models in biomedical research in Nigeria. To fully realize these potentials of utilization of fishes for biomedical research, investments in infrastructure, funding and capacity building in fish biology and biomedical studies are necessary.
Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Forest Management in Nigeria
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in sustainable forest management is emerging as a powerful tool to address critical environmental challenges. In Nigeria, where deforestation and forest degradation pose significant threats to biodiversity, climate stability, and local livelihoods, the integration of AI technologies holds the potential to enhance conservation efforts. This paper explored how AI can contribute to sustainable forest management in Nigeria. By analyzing existing case studies and examining the opportunities and challenges of implementing AI in Nigeria’s forestry sector, this study highlighted the role of AI in improving decision-making processes and fostering long-term sustainability. Additionally, it considered the socio-economic implications of AI adoption, including the need for capacity building, policy frameworks, and community engagement to ensure equitable and effective outcomes. The research used an integrative review approach to combine perspectives on Nigerian studies, aiming to create new theoretical models rather than covering all published articles. Studies conducted in Nigeria which is the geographic location met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. This paper showed that AI-driven solutions, when appropriately tailored to local contexts, can significantly contribute to preserving Nigeria’s forests and advancing sustainable land management practices. Hence, the use of AI tools in local communities should be promoted by providing training and resources to forest-dependent communities, enabling them to contribute to monitoring and conservation efforts. Furthermore, the Nigerian government should support the integration of AI technology into its national forest policy, ensuring that modern technologies are prioritized as part of its strategy for sustainable management of forest resources.
Automated Irrigation Practice and Coconut Production among Smallholder Farmers in South-South Nigeria
This study investigates the market structure, conduct, and performance of sugarcane in North Central Nigeria. Employing a multi-stage sampling approach, 235 sugarcane marketers were randomly selected from a pool of 575 using the Slovin’s formula. Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, marketing margin, and marketing efficiency model. Market analysis reveals income inequality, with Gini coefficients ranging from 0.61 to 0.72. The closer the value of gini coefficient is to unity, the greater is the degree of income inequality and the higher is the level of concentration of sellers and vice versa. The diagonal connecting points of (0, 0) and (1, 1) on the Lorenz curve depicts the 450 line or line of perfect equality. The graph showed the cumulative percentage of sugarcane marketers against the cumulative percentage (%) of sugarcane total sales or income which reveals that the market is an imperfect market. The study identifies pricing factors influencing market conduct, with net margins and profitability ratios confirming sugarcane marketing as profitable. Sensitivity analysis suggests potential profit optimization by reducing transportation and storage costs. The study concludes that sugarcane marketing is profitable in North Central Nigeria and recommends interventions such as establishing training centers, offering capacity-building workshops, implementing flexible credit policies, and enhancing security for marketers.
Advancing Global Smart Agriculture with AI and IoT: A Systematic Review of Technologies, Applications, and Challenges
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming agriculture by enhancing precision farming, improving resource efficiency, and promoting sustainability. This study systematically reviews emerging AI and IoT applications in smart agriculture, examining their role in agricultural productivity, identifying barriers to adoption, and assessing their impact on climate-smart practices. A structured data extraction process was employed, sourcing peer-reviewed studies from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria ensured a focus on AI and IoT applications in crop management, pest control, food safety, and supply chain optimization, with studies published between 2019 and 2024 included. Thematic and statistical synthesis categorized findings based on technological innovations and agricultural applications. The results highlight the transformative potential of AI and IoT in optimizing agricultural processes, though challenges such as high implementation costs, technical limitations, and socio-cultural barriers persist. To maximize the benefits of these technologies, policymakers and stakeholders must invest in infrastructure, enhance digital literacy among farmers, and promote inclusive policies that facilitate the adoption of AI and IoT, particularly in resource-limited settings. This review provides valuable insights for advancing smart and sustainable agricultural practices globally.
Effects of Poultry Manure Rates on Selected Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in Ifite Ogwari, Southeasthern Nigeria
This study investigated the effects of different rates of poultry manure on soil physicochemical properties, growth parameters and crop yield of cucumber in Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Ifite-Ogwari campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments (0 t/ha, 5 t/ha, 10 t/ha, 15 t/ha, and 20 t/ha of poultry manure) with four replications . The experiment was conducted at the experimental research farm of Crop Science and Horticulture. Soil samples were collected before and after the experiment at 6 weeks after planting and analyzed for pH, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic carbon, exchangeable cations, and other parameters. The results indicated that the application of poultry manure significantly influenced soil physical properties, with the highest total porosity and moisture content observed at the highest application rate (20 t/ha). Moreover, soil chemical properties such as pH, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, organic carbon, and exchangeable cations varied significantly among treatments, with the highest values recorded at the highest poultry manure rate. Cucumber growth parameters, including the number of leaves, vine length, and fruit weight, exhibited significant improvements with increasing poultry manure application rates. Likewise, crop yield-related characteristics such as fruit length, circumference, and number of fruits increased significantly with higher poultry manure application rates. Based on the findings, the treatment with 20 tons/ha of poultry manure emerged as the most effective in improving soil physicochemical properties, cucumber growth, and crop yield hence could be recommended for enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability in similar agroecological zones.
Effects of Selected Legume Crops on the Physicochemical Properties of Soils Contaminated with Spent Engine Oil in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria
The increasing use of automobiles has led to widespread environmental pollution due to the improper disposal of waste engine oil (WEO). This study evaluated the potential of selected legume crops: cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), mucuna (Mucuna pruriens), and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), in remediating petroleum-contaminated soils through phytoremediation. The experiment was conducted in the Teaching and Research Farm of Federal University of Technology, Owerri, using a split-plot design within a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Soil contamination was induced by applying 5 liters of spent engine oil per plot, and the impact of legume crops on soil physicochemical properties was assessed after 90 days. Results showed that while particle size distribution remained unchanged (sand), groundnut significantly improved soil organic carbon (5.78 to 6.29 g/kg), exchangeable bases (Ca: 0.23 to 0.43 Cmol/kg, Na: 0.17 to 0.34 Cmol/kg), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) from 2.24 to 3.06 Cmol/kg in polluted soils compared to cowpea and mucuna. Oil pollution reduced soil moisture content ()from 216.2 to 142.2 %) and pH (5.96 to 5.57), but groundnut demonstrated the highest potential in restoring soil fertility. Given its ability to enhance soil chemical properties, groundnut is recommended for short-term remediation of used engine oil-contaminated soils. Further research is suggested to explore the long-term effects of legumes on hydrocarbon degradation and overall soil recovery.
Effects Of Slope Segments On Physical, Hydraulic, and Structural Stability Properties at Three Soil Depths in Amachalla, Awka, Nigeria
This study examines the effects of slope segments in gully site at three depths on soil physical, hydraulic and structural stability properties at Amachalla, Awka, Southeastern Nigeria. A total of 36 soil samples were collected from three different slope segments (upper, middle and lower) at three depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–45 cm) with four replications. These samples were prepared and taken to the laboratory for analysis using standard procedures to determine some soil parameters. The laboratory data were analyzed using Genstat Statistical Package and means were separated by Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) at P<0.05. Results showed that soils in the study area were predominantly loamy sand, with the upper slope containing the highest sand fraction (86.91%) at 15–30 cm depth, while the lower slope recorded the highest silt content (12.27%) at the same depth. The middle slope recorded the highest clay fraction (4.08%) at 0–15 cm. Bulk density values ranged from 1.47 to 1.48 g/cm³, with no significant differences across slopes. Total porosity decreased with depth, ranging from 18.16 to 44.65%. Moisture content was highest (24.55%) in lower slopes at 30–45 cm. Saturated hydraulic conductivity varied from 10.49 to 13.54 cm/hr. Aggregate stability was highest (34.77%) at the lower slope (0–15 cm). Erosion ratio was highest at 263.14 in lower slopes. Based on the findings, emphasis should be placed on slope-specific soil conservation strategies to mitigate erosion risks.
Assessment of Infiltration Characteristics of Soil at Faculty of Agriculture Demonstration Farm, Ifite-Ogwari, Anambra State, Nigeria
Understanding the infiltration potentials of soils could provide valuable insights on the water use efficiency that is site specific for an informed decision on agricultural conservation practices. The study assessed the infiltration characteristics of soil at Faculty of Agriculture demonstration farm, Ifite Ogwari. Auger and core soil samples were randomly taken from a mapped-out area of the farm measuring 360 sq/m at 0–20 cm depth. The collected soil samples were used to determine the selected soil properties in the laboratory. A double ring Infiltrometer was used to assess the soil infiltration at intervals of 2, 5, 8, 12 and 15 minutes. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive analysis while variation in selected soil properties were determined using coefficient of variation and ranked according to known standards. Results showed that the soils belonged to sandy loam textural class; bulk density was 1.74 mgm-3; total porosity was 34.51%, moisture content was 7.09%, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) was 0.14 cm/hr, organic carbon was 1.36% while organic matter was 2.34%. The study observed that as time increased the infiltration rate steadily decreased hence the studied area can be categorised as moderate to moderately slow soils.
Effect of Organic Manure on the Growth and Yield of Bambara Groundnut in a Derived Savannah Zone of Nigeria
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) is a leguminous crop widely grown across Sub-Saraha Africa due to its nutritional and economic benefits. The study evaluated the effect of poultry and goat manure on various growth parameters, and was conducted using the statistical method; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to access the significance of the effects of manure types and rate on the plant growth and plant yield parameters. The experiment was a 2 x 4 factorial experiment comprising two main treatments: manure types (goat manure and poultry manure) and the application rates of 0t/ha, 5t/ha, 10t/ha and 15t/ha. This resulted to (8) treatment combinations using RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) and the experiment was replicated four (4) times. For mean separation, Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was applied to identify the difference between treatment groups when ANOVA showed significant effects. The results for growth parameter showed that a 5-ton manure rate consistently resulted in the lowest growth, while the 10-ton manure rate generally yielded the highest plant (7.61 cm), plant width (2.823 cm), leaf number (114.1), number of stems (38.05), plant height (34.82 cm), and stem girth (8.82 cm) for growth parameters. The result for yield parameter showed that the effect of poultry and goat manure on fresh and dry fodder weights, pod number and weight showed that 15-ton manure rate resulted in the highest fresh fodder weight (80.6 g) and dry fodder weight (68.1 g), while the 10-ton manure rate had the lowest fresh fodder weight (72.5 g) and dry fodder weight (64.7 g); overall. The study recommends applying a 10- ton manure rate for optimal growth and a 15- ton manure rate for maximizing Bambara groundnut yield.
Proximate composition, minerals and anti-nutrients content of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Conditioned at Different Temperatures
This research evaluated the proximate, mineral and antinutrient properties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) conditioned at different temperatures. The finger millet (Eleusine coracana) grains were obtained from a local farm in Jama’s local government area of Kaduna state, Nigeria and processed to flour after conditioning at 30, 60, 70 and 80 0C. The proximate, mineral and antnutrients analyses were carried out. For proximate composition, moisture ranged from 10.05 to 10.85 %, crude fat from 4.67 to 7.10 %, crude protein from 6.63 to 9.34 %, crude fiber from 2.63 to 2.84 %, ash from 4.54 to 5.88 % and carbohydrate from 66.21 to 68.19 % with the highest protein content in sample AOB (60 0C). Mineral compositions showed that calcium ranged from 351.65 to 366.17 mg/100g, magnesium from 117.52 to 143.72 mg/100g, iron from 0.99 to 1.98 mg/100g and potassium from 120.49 to 143.86 mg/100g. For anti-nutrients showed phytates content from 0.58 to 0.90 mg/100g, oxalate from 1.13 to 1.53 mg/100g, tannin ranged from 1.60 to 1.81 mg/100g and saponin from 0.33 to 0.38 mg/100g. Conditioning finger millet at high temperature lowers moisture and fat contents, increases protein, and a slight improvement in mineral concentration. These changes can enhance the overall nutritional value of finger millet, with moderate temperature between 60 0C to 70 0C conditioning offering the best balance of improved protein content and reduced anti-nutrients.
Effect of Organic Soil Amendments on Growth and Yield of Amaranthus viridis L.
A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of some soil organic amendments on the growth and yield of Amaranthus viridis L. in Ifite-Ogwari, Ayamelum L.G.A. of Anambra State. The study was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments and replicated three times. The treatments were Topsoil (T1) , Rice husk +Topsoil (T2), Rice Straw + Rice Husk + Topsoil (T3), Rice Straw + Topsoil (T4), Rice Straw + Topsoil + Poultry Manure (T5), Rice Straw + Rice Husk + Topsoil + Poultry Manure (T6), Rice Husk + Topsoil+ Poultry Manure(T7). Each soil amendment combination were mixed in the ratio of 3:2:1; where Topsoil represented the 3 parts, Rice straw and/or Rice husk represented the 2 parts, and Poultry manure represented the 1 part. In situations where rice husk and rice straw were mixed, the two parts was in the ratio of 1:1 for each of the rice residues. The treatments were separated using the least significant difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. The addition of organic soil amendments, particularly those involving poultry manure (PM), had positive effects on the growth parameters and yield of A. viridis. The RS+TS+PM treatment consistently showed promising results in terms of plant height, leaf number, leaf area, stem girth, and leaf yield. Since the RS+TS+PM treatment gave the highest yield, it is recommended that farmers use this mixture for growing A. viridis due to its nutrient content.
Nutritional Assessment and Sensory Properties of Dried Pap Fortified with Soybean and Date Palm Fruit Flours
The nutritional inadequacy of exclusive breastfeeding becomes evident from six months onwards, highlighting the importance of introducing complementary foods to ensure optimal infant nutrition. This study evaluated the nutritional and sensory properties of dried pap fortified with soybean and date palm flours using face central Design. Maize grain was cleaned, washed, soaked in potable water for 72h, wet millet, sieved, dried in a cabinet dryer for 8h at 50 oC; the date palm fruit was washed deseeded, dehydrated at 50 oC for 30 min, ground and sieved with 1.19mm mesh. Soybean seed was washed soaked for 12h at 30 oC, dehulled, boiled for 2h at 80 oC, dried at 60 oC for 24h, milled and sieved using 600 µm mesh size. The moisture, ash, fat, protein, fibre and carbohydrate contents ranged from 6.20 – 7.06 %, 3.25 – 5.10%, 4.37 – 14.67%, 7.72 – 16.87 %, 12.49 – 21.97% and 35.22 – 65.48 %, respectively. Bulk density, swelling capacity and water absorption capacity ranged significantly from 0.07 – 0.79 g/c3, 0.845 – 1.060 g/g and 0.898 – 0.955 g/g respectively. The sensory attributes of the pap samples varied significantly in terms of colour, odour, flavor and overall acceptability. It was 5 g date flour plus 5 g soybean flour was the most preferred besides the control samples. The finding of this study suggest that dried pap fortified with soybean and date palm flours has the potential to improve the nutrients and sensory quality of the product.
Phytochemical and Mineral Properties of Zobo Drink Processed with Miracle Leaf and Wonderful Kola Extract
This study investigated the phytochemical and mineral compositions of Zobo drink fortified with varying concentrations of miracle leaf and wonderful kola extracts. A mixture design was used generating five samples. Phytochemicals and mineral analysis were carried out on the samples using standard methods. Phytochemical analysis revealed significant variations with saponin content ranging from 0.20 to 1.20 mg/g, alkaloid from 0.07 to 1.00 mg/g, flavonoid from 14.10 to 19.59 mgQE/g, phenol from 16.02 to 26.25 mgGAE/g and tannin from 20.95 to 31.30 mg/g. Sample Bsc (60 % Zobo, 8 % miracle leaf extract, and 32 % wonderful kola extract) showed the highest levels of saponin (1.20 mg/g), alkaloid (1.00 mg/g), and tannin (31.30 mg/g), indicating its potential for cholesterol-lowering, immune-boosting, and antioxidant properties. Mineral analysis indicated significant increases in calcium (12.85–62.01 mg/100g), magnesium (38.83–84.79 mg/100g), iron (2.12–3.61 mg/100g), and sodium (10.20–17.45 mg/100g). Sample Bsc- (60% Zobo, 8% miracle leaf extract, and 32% wonderful kola extract), consistently showed the highest concentrations of these minerals, making the fortified drink particularly beneficial for bone health, iron supplementation, and cardiovascular function fortifying Zobo drink with miracle leaf and wonderful kola significantly enhances its nutritional and medicinal properties, offering a functional beverage with improved antioxidant activity, enhanced mineral bioavailability and therapeutic potential.
Proximate Composition and Microbial Properties of Cookies produced from Blends of Wheat Flour, Roasted Bambara Nut Flour and Mushroom Flour
Cookies produced from blends of wheat flour, roasted bambara nut flour and mushroom flour with 100% wheat cookies as control were evaluated for proximate (Moisture carbohydrates, crude fiber, fat, protein, and ash) and microbial properties (Bacterial count, fungal count and coliform count) using standard methods. The control had the highest moisture content of 10.58% and was significantly different from other samples. The fat ranged from 5.74 - 9.04, ash 3.10 - 5.71, fibre 3.11 - 6.08% and carbohydrate 55.38 - 64.90%. The sample with 65% wheat, 19.40% roasted bambara nut and 15.52% mushroom had the highest value for fat, protein, fiber and ash. The microbial analysis showed that the total viable bacterial count ranged from 2.29 - 4.54 CFU/g, fungal count ranged from 2.19 - 3.10 CFU/g. There was no coliform count in the control and sample 1(67.89 % wheat, 18.25 % roasted bambara nut, 13.86 % mushroom). The results of the cookies sample analyses demonstrate that the combination of wheat, roasted Bambara and mushroom yields a highly nutritious product. However, adherence to proper hygienic conditions during preparation is crucial to maintaining the cookies quality.
Effects of Storage Condition and Time on the Microbiological Attributes of some Stored Yoghurts Marketed in Enugu Metropolis
This study comparatively investigated the effects of storage condition and time on the microbiological qualities of some stored yoghurts marketed in the Enugu metropolis. The experiment was factorial (2x6x4) involving a completely randomized design (CRD). A total of 96 samples comprising four samples of yoghurt coded A, B, C and D were sourced from different producers and designated as A – Food Science and Technology lab (FST), B – Aqua Rapha yoghurt, C – Chariot yoghurt and D – A.S yoghurt samples. The samples were stored for a period of seventy days under two storage conditions – refrigerated (50C) and room temperatures (28±20C). All samples were analyzed for microbiological parameters such as total viable count (cfu), coliform (cfu), fungal/yeast (cfu) . Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA to determine the mean differences. The results showed that total viable count, coliform count, yeast /fungal counts increased with storage time but the rate of increase was significantly higher(<0.05) in room samples. The room samples contained higher total viable, yeast/fungal and coliform counts than the refrigerated counterpart at all storage time irrespective of sample. Deterioration with storage time in terms of total viable count, coliform count was found to be more in sample A and least in sample C .
Vitamin, and Sensory Properties of Bread Produced from Wheat, malted Mung Bean, and Watermelon rind Flour Composites
This study was carried out to evaluate the vitamin, and sensory properties of breads produced from composite flours of wheat, malted mung bean and watermelon rind. Mung bean seeds were soaked for 24 h, washed, drained, germinated for 72 h, oven-dried at 60oC for 18 h and milled into flour. Watermelon rind was sliced, washed, oven-dried, milledand sieved. All flours were blended with wheat flour, in varying proportions (100:0, 90:5: 5, 80:10:10, 70:15:15, 60:20:20, and 50:25:25) to produce composite flour used to make bread. The vitamin, and sensory properties of the bread samples were determined using standard methods. The thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, vitamin A, ascorbic acids and folic acid content of the bread samples were 3.36 to 4.57mg/100g, 2.45 to 3.36mg/100g, 3.51 to 4.60mg/100g, 2.23 to 4.27mg/ 100g, 1.55 to 3.22mg/100g and 1.02 to 1.81mg/100g, respectively. The content of the analyzed vitamins increased with increase in substitution with mung bean and watermelon rind flours. The sensory properties of bread produced from 100% wheat flour, were most acceptable to the panelists and also differed significantly (p<0.05) in colour, taste, texture and aroma from composite flour bread samples. However, the composite bread loaves were also acceptable to the judges because they were relatively rated high in all the sensory attributes evaluated. The findings suggest that the inclusion of malted mung bean and watermelon rind flours to wheat flour in bread production enhances nutritional quality while maintaining good sensory attributes, making it a viable ingredient for fortification.
Physical Properties and Mineral Content of Bread Produced from Wheat, Malted Mung Bean, and Watermelon Rind Flour Composites
This study was carried out to evaluate the physical properties and mineral content of breads produced from of wheat, malted mung bean and watermelon rind composite flours. Mung bean seeds were soaked for 24 h, washed, drained, germinated for 72 h, oven-dried in a tray dryer (Model EU850D, UK) at 60oC for 18 h occasionally stirring grains at intervals of 30 min and then milled into flour. The watermelon rind was sliced, washed, oven-dried and milled into flour and then sieved. Both flours were blended with wheat flour in varying proportions (100:0; 90:5: 5; 80:10:10; 70:15:15; 60:20:20 and 50:25:25) to produce bread. The physical properties and mineral content and of the bread samples were determined using standard methods. The physical properties of the bread samples showed that the loaf volume, specific volume, height, and oven spring decreased, while the weight increased significantly (p<0.05) with increased substitution of mung bean and watermelon rind flours. The study, therefore, showed that the mineral contents and the weight of the bread samples could be enhanced by the addition of mung bean and watermelon rind flours to wheat flour at different substitution levels in the production of bread samples. The mineral composition of the bread loaves were calcium (77.01-97.77), magnesium (48.89-114.74), phosphorous (41.11-97.76), potassium (62.67-94.21), iron (2.18-2.78), while sodium content ranged from 1.62 to 2.25mg/100g. The result showed that the bread loaves produced from the composite flours increased in weight and all the minerals evaluated with an increase in the substitution of malted mung bean and watermelon rind flours.
Assessment of the Nutritional Composition, Microbiological and Sensory Attributes of Maize-based fortified food with Peanut and Carrot Blends
This research assessed the nutritional composition, microbiological and sensory attributes of maize-based fortified food with peanut and carrot blends. A total of six composite flour samples were formulated using varying ratios of maize, peanut, and carrot: (MPC1) 100% maize flour (control), (MPC2) 90% maize, 5% peanut, and 5% carrot, (MPC3) 80% maize, 15% peanut, and 5% carrot, (MPC4) 70% maize, 20% peanut, and 10% carrot, (MPC5) 60% maize, 25% peanut, and 15% carrot, and (MPC6) 50% maize, 30% peanut, and 20% carrot. The proximate, mineral, vitamin, antinutrient, and functional properties of these fortified food samples were assessed using established methodologies. The proximate analysis revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in moisture, crude protein, fat, crude fibre, ash, and energy content of the fortified samples, with values ranging from 1.63% to 3.80%; 3.08% to 44.43%; 2.39% to 15.16%; 3.58% to 7.04%; 2.34% to 3.80%; and 381.75 to 432.52 KJ/100g, respectively, as the supplementation of peanut and carrot flours increased. Conversely, the carbohydrate content decreased from 86.98% to 27.64%. The mineral content of the fortified samples also showed a significant increase (p<0.05) with higher levels of peanut and carrot flour supplementation. The findings of this study indicated a statistically reduction (p<0.05) in the antinutrient profiles of the fortified food samples. Additionally, the vitamin content significantly increased (p<0.05) with the addition of peanut and carrot flours. The overall viable counts were significantly low, and there were no detectable coliform or fungal counts. Although, the result of sensory evaluation indicated that the control sample was more organoleptically acceptable than the substituted samples, incorporating these nutrient-rich and functional ingredients in the production of maize-based cereals may broaden the application of peanut and carrot flours in the creation of various cereal types and other cereal-based food items.
Functional Properties of Composite Flours Produced From Blends of Fermented Maize (Zea mays L) And Fermented Soybean (Glycine max) Flour
The objective of this study was to determine the functional properties of composite flours produced from blends of fermented maize (Zea mays L) and fermented soybean (Glycine max) flour. Maize grains were sorted, cleaned, fermented for 48 h, oven dried (60 °C to constant weight), milled to flour and then sieved (250 μm) to produce maize flour. The soybean was sorted, cleaned, boiled, cooled, dehulled, and fermented for 48 h with Rhizopus oligosporus (0.4g per 100g of soybean), oven dried (60 °C to constant weight), milled and sieved (250 μm) to produce fermented soybean flour. Using mixture design, maize and soybean flour samples were blended in the ratios 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 to obtain composite flours while 100% maize flour and 100% soybean flour served as controls. Functional properties of the samples were evaluated. Inclusion of fermented soybean to fermented maize flour significantly (p<0.05) increased bulk density, oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity, foaming capacity and pH while water absorption and emulsification capacities decreased. Flour sample with 90:10 – fermented maize:fermented soybean flour had the highest water absorption capacity (2.96g/mL) while flour sample with 60:40 – fermented maize:fermented soybean flour had the highest bulk density (14.67g/mL) and oil absorption capacity (4.45mL/g). These findings suggest that incorporating fermented soybean flour into fermented maize flour enhances its suitability for use in baked goods, emulsified foods, and thickening agents. It is recommended that fermented soybean inclusion levels of 40 -50% be used for baked products requiring higher bulk density and oil retention.
Proximate Composition Of Fermented Maize-Soybean Composite Flour Blends
The objective of this study was to determine the proximate composition of fermented maize-soybean flour blend. Maize grains were sorted, cleaned, fermented for 48 h, oven dried (60 °C to constant weight), milled to flour and then sieved (250 μm) to produce maize Flour. The soybean was sorted, cleaned, boiled, cooled, dehulled, and fermented for 48 h with Rhizopus oligosporus (0.4g per 100g of beans), oven dried (60 °C to constant weight), milled and sieved (250 μm) to produce fermented soybean flour. Through mixture design, maize and soybean flours samples were blended in the ratios 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 to obtain composite flours while 100% maize flour and 100% soybean flour served as controls. Proximate composition of the samples was evaluated using standard AOAC method. The results showed that the composite flours produced were more nutritious than the control flour samples. Carbohydrate was the most abundant, followed by the moisture content and the crude protein. Flour sample with 90:10 (Fermented maize:fermented soybean) had the highest carbohydrate content (70.91%). Flour sample produced with 50:50 fermented maiz:fermented soybean had the highest moisture (10.76%), crude protein (11.55%), crude fibre (4.78%), fat (3.35%) and ash (2.39%). Based on the findings from this research, it recommended that for nutritional enhancement and optimum complementation, flour blends of fermented maize and fermented soybean could be produced at a ratio of 50:50.