International Journal of Agriculture, Food and Biodiversity
International Journal of Agriculture, Food and Biodiversity (IJAFAB) is a peer reviewed journal that is published by Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria. This Journal emphasizes publication of original research and review based articles that have direct relevance to agriculture and related disciplines especially in the tropics and sub-tropics. Such publications shall be in the following disciplinary domains namely Agricultural Economics and Extension; Agribusiness; Animal Production, Physiology and Genetics; Crop Science, Horticulture, Protection and Genetics; Forestry and Wildlife; Soil Science and Land Resources Management; Fisheries and Aquaculture; Food Science and Technology; Nutrition, Dietetics and Home Economics and related disciplines. The major goals of International Journal of Agriculture, Food and Biodiversity is to publish current issues in Agriculture and related disciplines with the intent of bringing more innovations towards food security.
Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University
Variability in Soil Physicochemical Properties along a Grid in Ifite-Ogwari, Southeast Nigeria
This study examined the physicochemical properties of soils along a grid in Ifite-Ogwari, Ayamelum Local Government Area of Anambra State to identify variability in soil parameters and determine soil quality along the grid. Three topographic positions were identified, namely: the lower, middle, and upper slopes. Soil samples were collected from each topographic position along the grid. A total of eighteen (18) disturbed samples were collected at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm depths and nine undisturbed samples from the nine different positions along the grid. The samples were analyzed using standard analytical procedures. Parr’s Soil Quality Evaluation/Ranking Index was used to estimate soil quality. The results showed that the soil texture was clay loam. Sand and clay content, as well as bulk density and hydraulic conductivity, showed significant differences along the grid but not within the depths. The soil was slightly acidic. It was observed that soil nutrient levels and quality varied across the different topographic positions. While there were no variations in soil physical properties between depths, a few chemical parameters did vary with depth. The soil quality index by Parr indicated that soils at the lower slope were more fertile and productive, followed by the middle slope, while the upper slope was the least fertile. The implication is that crops planted at the lower and middle slopes will perform better than those planted at the upper slope due to variations in nutrient availability. Farmers are therefore advised to apply more manure and crop residues, as well as adopt more sustainable management techniques at the upper slope positions to enhance soil fertility and improve crop production.
Effects of Swine Wastes on Selected Soil Properties, Growth and Yield of Amaranthus hybridus in Anambra State, Nigeria
Disposal effect of swine waste into the environment poses a serious environmental threat but channelling it into the soil as an amendment for vegetable production proves to be a vital solution for the challenge. Hence, the “effects of swine wastes on selected soil properties, growth and Yield of Amaranthus hybridus in Anambra State” was studied. The study was conducted at the Soil Science and Land Resources Management Research and Teaching Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State. The field experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Auger soil samples were taken from 20 different points at 0-20 cm depth while core soil samples were taken from 10 different points from the experimental plots before and after treatment application which were later taken to the laboratory for analyses. The treatment used was swine wastes and at different rates of 0 kg/plot (zero application), 4.5 kg/plot, 9.0 kg/plot and 13.5 kg/plot. The test crop used was Amaranthus hybridus. The results obtained from the laboratory were subjected to statistical analysis and the treatment means were separated using Turkey test at 5% probability level. The results showed that the soil of the studied area was acidic and belonged to sandy loam textural class. Again, obtained results showed there were significant differences in bulk density, total porosity and moisture content however significant differences were not observed in the chemical properties of soil. From this research, it was observed that 13.5 kg/plot of swine wastes applied improved the yield of Amaranthus hybridus when compared to other treatment rates as evidenced in the optimum plant height, leaf area index, number of leaves and fresh and dry shoot weight recorded.
Copyright (c) 2023 Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka
Economic Analysis of Yam Production among Smallholder Farmers in Kabba-Bunu Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria
This study was conducted in Kabba-Bunu local government area of Kogi state, Nigeria. It specifically described the socioeconomic characteristics of yam farmers in the area; assessed the cost-benefit of yam production, determined factors affecting yam output, and ascertained constraints to yam production in the study area. A random sampling was used to select 90 yam farmers for the study. Primary data obtained through questionnaire administration were analysed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression model, and mean score from Likert type scale. Findings indicated majority of the respondents were male (81.1%) with the mean age of 47 years. Most of the respondents were married (84.4%) with a mean household size of 10persons, they had one form of formal education or the other (65.5%), the mean farm size of 1ha with an average farming experience of 22 years. The study further showed that yam production in the area was profitable and viable with a positive gross margin. The benefit cost ratio was #1.80K. Estimates of the OLS multiple regression indicated that the coefficient of seed (β = 1.859), fertilizer (β =-2.036), labour (β =-7.904), herbicide (β =37.834), education (β = 3366.806) and age (β = 758.368) significantly influenced yam output at 5%. The major constraints identified to yam production in the study area were high cost of inputs (M= 3.4), inadequate credit facilities (M = 3.2), poor storage and processing facilities (M=3.1). For increased output, the study recommends that production inputs be subsidized to farmer, and credit should be made available specifically for yam farmers to ease their production enterprise.
Effect of Blanching Time on the Beta-Carotene and some Chemical Composition of Abacha from Yellow Fleshed Cassava Varieties
This research studied the effect of blanching time (5, 10 and 15 min) on β-carotene, cyanide, mineral (Zn, Fe, K) and vitamin (B1, B2, C) composition of Abacha from three yellow fleshed cassava varieties (UMUCASS 44, UMUCASS 45, UMUCASS 46). The cassava samples were freshly harvested from the research farm of National Research Institute and were processed into Abacha chips by following standard method for Abacha processing. The β-carotene values ranged from 0.89-5.81μg/g with UMUCASS 44 having the least β-carotene value (0.89 μg/g) and UMUCASS 46 having the highest β-carotene value (5.81 μg/g). The cyanide content ranged from 1.51-4.28 mg/kg suggesting that all the Abacha samples were lower than the WHO bench mark of <10 mg/kg. The zinc content ranged from 0.75-1.31mg/100g, while Iron content ranged from 1.45-2.18 mg/100g. It was observed that the ppotassium contents were within the range of 65.77 to 174.88 mg/100g. The values for vitamin B1 had least value of 0.03mg/100g and a highest value of 0.31 mg/100g; while vitamin B2 ranged from 0.10-0.505 mg/100g. The vitamin C content of the Abacha chips ranged from 4.46-25.08 mg/100g. All the Abacha samples were safe when considering their cyanide content but UMUCASS 46 produced the safest Abacha sample at 5 min hot water blanching having a cyanide content of 1.51 mg/Kg. From the data generated, safe Abacha samples could be produced from yellow fleshed cassava varieties at minimal energy cost.
Smallholder Maize Farmers’ Perception of Weather Variability and its Influence on Sustainable Adaptation Strategies in Anambra state, Nigeria
The effect of weather variability was severe on poor households lacking mitigation capability. Adaptation was easy and cheaper, but documentation about its adoption was low, thus this study examined maize farmers’ perception and use of sustainable adaptation practices. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used. In all, 120 farmers were randomly selected. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on farmers’: perceived climatic factors; sustainable adaptation practices; the effect of climate change and farmers’ adoption constraints. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics multinomial logit. The result showed perceived high temperature (74.0%) high relative humidity (58%), high intensity of sunlight (64.2%) and low wind velocity (57.5%). Strategies adopted by farmers in mitigating climate change showed that 95.0% of the farmers mitigated against weather variability. The majority mitigated climate variability with the adoption of organic manure (60.2%), cover cropping (86.0%), planting resistant varieties (87.0%) and mixed cropping (83.5%). The influence of weather variability on farmers’ adaptation strategies results showed that farmers are proactive in adapting against rainfall (P<0.01), wind (P<0.01) and temperature (P<0.01), and not sunlight (P<0.1). The marginal effects showed that rainfall, wind, and temperature have the likelihood of increasing the adaptive measures taken by the farmers. Constraints to the adoption of mitigating strategies included inadequate training standard deviation (SD) = 0.24, lack of awareness (SD = 0.47), access to credit (SD = 0.35), extension contact (SD = 0.27), farms’ income (SD=0.4) and educational level (SD = 0.35). Sustainable adaptation practices mitigated weather variability and enhanced output increase. Farmers should be trained in using sustainable adaptation practices to mitigate weather variability.
Mucuna pruriens (Egbara) in Nutritional Food Security: A Review
Heightened level of global food insecurity has necessitated the exploration of less utilized crops like Mucuna pruriens. Mucuna pruriens, a leguminous plant with a rich history in traditional medicine and agriculture, has garnered attention for its multifaceted botanical attributes, nutritional composition, and versatile applications. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the botany of Mucuna pruriens, exploring its taxonomy, morphology, and ecological preferences. The plant's ability to thrive in various agroclimatic conditions underscores its potential as a resilient and valuable resource. In addition to its botanical aspects, this review covers proximate composition of Mucuna pruriens, highlighting its role as a source of essential nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. The review also elucidates the diverse uses of Mucuna pruriens across different cultures and industries. In traditional medicine, the plant has been employed for its neuroprotective, anti-diabetic, and aphrodisiac properties. Furthermore, its potential as a sustainable alternative in agriculture was explored, with the ability to enhance soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and serve as a valuable forage for livestock. Its food uses, though limited, were also documented. As global interest in improving food security through lesser-known crops grow, Mucuna pruriens emerges as a promising legume for further research and utilization.
Determinants of Venture Capital Financing among Micro-Agro Enterprises in Abia State, Nigeria
The study analyzed the determinants of venture capital financing among micro-agroenterprises in Abia State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to determine; the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, the financing needs of the respondents, the criteria for accessing venture capital financing among the respondents, and the factors influencing venture capital financing among the respondents. A simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 175 micro agroenterprises. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics such as means, percentages, frequency distributions, and regression models. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents selected for the study were young ( =30 years), males (57%), single (61%), educated (91% had post-secondary school education), and were well experienced micro-agro enterprise operators ( =7 years). The study concluded that the high incidence of non-crop-based agro enterprises in the study could be due to the quick financial inflows and their less risky nature. Also, the financing needs were mainly the payment of rents ( = N 70,333.3), Business diversification ( = N 66,315.8), and the purchase of inputs ( = N 47, 066). In addition, the respondents indicated the ability to share portfolio (73%), 72% and 67% having a functional bank account (72%) and business plan (67%) were major criteria for accessing venture capital financing. Age, education, income, assets, and enterprise types were the variables affecting venture capital financing among the respondents. The study recommends that venture capitalists should support more young, educated, and experienced non-crop micro enterprises to ensure their financial investment is realized on time. Moreover, venture capitalists should fund micro-agro enterprises with major input requirements. Finally, venture capitalists should support micro-based enterprises with the capacity to generate continuous cash inflows.
Effect of Neem Leaf Mulch Rates on the Growth, Yield and Blossom End Rot of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Awka
The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The aim was to evaluate the effect of neem leaf rates on the establishments, growth, yield and blossom end rot of tomato (Lycopersicon esculetum), in Awka, Anambra State. Four rates of Neem leaves were used as mulch which served as treatments (0.00 kg ha-1, 2775 kg ha-1, 5550 kg ha-1 and 8338 kg ha-1) on the PADMA 108 F1 variety of tomato. The neem leaves were applied on well prepared beds, one week before transplanting. Plots mulched with 5550 kg ha-1 gave highest number of fruits per plant (16.70) while control plot gave lowest number of fruits per plant (4.90). Mulching with 8338 kg ha-1of neem gave highest fruit weight (0.339 t ha-1) while control plot gave lowest fruit yield (0.207 t ha-1). Number of tomato fruits per plant affected by blossom end rot was highest in control plot (11.00) and reduced in plot mulched with 8338 kg ha-1 of neem (4.00). Therefore, the use of 8338 kg ha-1 of neem leaves is recommended for improved yield and increased resistance to blossom end rot in tomatoes in Awka.
Structure, Conduct and Performance of Pig Marketing in Umuahia North Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria
The study examined the structure, conduct and performance of pig marketing in Abia State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to determine the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, ascertain the market structure, conduct and market performance pig marketing, and determine the factors influencing marketing margins and efficiency among respondents in the study area. A purposive sampling technique was used in selecting three major markets involved in pig marketing in the study area (Umuahia North Local Government Area of Abia State). Sixty pig entrepreneurs involved in pig marketing were randomly selected for the study. Primary data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools such as frequency distributions, means, percentages, Gini coefficient, and regression models. The result showed that most of the respondents studied were male, married, educated, young, and well-experienced in pig marketing. More so, there was price discrimination within the markets and a high level of inefficiency in the market structure of the marketers, with a Gini coefficient of 0.539. This implies a high concentration of pig marketing in the hands of few marketers. In addition, 93% of the pig marketers indicated that their pricing behaviour was determined by forces of demand and supply, while 100% of the marketers indicated price bargaining and about 87% indicated marketing cost and margin. The result of the marketers’ conduct was evidence of buyers’ ability to bargain well in price determination and an incidence of price discrimination. The pig marketers made a marketing margin of N 500 per kg and a profit of N 276.02. The return on investment was 0.26 meaning that for every one naira invested 0.26 kobo is returned indicating that pig marketing is lucrative and worth undertaking in the study area. Cost of transportation, the amount spent on labour, and quantity of pigs sold were significant factors influencing marketing margin while age, years of experience, access to credit, and income were significant factors influencing marketing efficiency. The study therefore recommended that males, married, educated, and young with the necessary experience should be financially supported to go into pig marketing. Government and other stakeholders in the pig market should implement necessary policies that will encourage the right pricing behaviour among entrepreneurs involved in pig marketing.
Agroforestry as a Strategy for Livelihood Resilience to Socially Destabilized Area of Borno State, Nigeria
This study assessed the feasibility of agroforestry as a strategy for livelihood resilience in the socially destabilized area of Borno state. To achieve this, scheduled interviews were conducted in three Agricultural Development Programme ADP zones of the state. Multistage sampling procedure was used. In the first stage, two Local Government Area L.G.A. were purposively chosen from each of the three ADP zones. At second stage, two districts were chosen purposively from each LG.A. Third stage employed proportionate allocation of 20% of the villages from each of the districts. Final stage was a simple random sampling of 15% of the agroforestry practitioners. Data was collected through scheduled interview from three hundred and one (301) agroforestry farmers and the data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed majority (37.5%) were between the ages of 41 and 50, and 86% were male. Most (78.1%) were married, and 36.9% had non-formal education. About 55.5% have households size of 1-5, and (58.8%) have farm size of 1-2 ha. Approximately 74% of the population lived in rural areas and acquired knowledge from their parents. Home garden was the most popular and profitable practice in the area. The main products obtained from agroforestry practice were fruits (53.5%) and vegetables (26.6%) production. The major contributions of agroforestry to livelihood assets include improved farming knowledge with 55.5%, increased savings with 69.4%, provision of irrigation facilities, diversified products and direct access to experts and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with 39.2%, 56.1% and 45.5% respectively. It was evident from the study that agroforestry practice served as a strategy for livelihood resilience and improved livelihood assets and therefore recommended that, active age group should be engaged to strengthen the agroforestry practice in the area as well supply with adequate improved seeds and livestock for livelihood resilience by government and NGOs.
Soil Chemical Properties and Performance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) on Crude Oil Polluted Soil
The experiment was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture Teaching and Research Farm, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education (IAUE) Ndele campus in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study investigated the soil chemical properties and performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) on crude oil polluted soil. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated 3 times. 10kg of sandy top soils (0-15cm depth) were collected from the research farm site into 48 polythene bags. The crude oil contamination was applied at the rate of 0ml (control), 10ml, 20ml, and 40ml per polythene bag before sowing the groundnut seed sourced from the local market. Data collected were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistical software, SPSS version 20.1 and the significant treatment means were compared using the Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at P≤0.05. Results showed that increasing the crude oil rate significantly (P≤0.05) decreased germination percentage, leaf area and groundnut yield. At 10ml and 20ml, number of leaves and plant height of the groundnut seedling increased but at the same rate it significantly (P≤0.05) decreased the number and weight of the groundnut seed and pod. At 40ml of crude oil contamination, the vegetative growth and yield of the groundnut plant reduced significantly (P≤0.05). It was observed that the pH decreased from 6.82 at planting to 6.69 at harvest for the control, and increased with increasing crude oil concentration at planting and harvest respectively. Nitrogen and organic matter were at least at 40ml but exceeded control at 10ml and 20ml application at planting. Also at planting, increasing crude oil rates significantly increased cation exchange capacity and percentage base saturation when compared to control and then significantly reduced electrical conductivity. Crude oil concentration did not significantly influence phosphorus and potassium at planting. At harvest, increasing crude oil rate increased pH, organic matter, and percentage base saturation but decreased phosphorus, potassium, cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity. Crude oil reduced the performance of groundnut plants and influenced the chemical properties of the soil. It is recommended that further study be conducted to determine the chemical composition of the groundnut plant at harvest under similar conditions.
Profitability of Selected Weed Control Methods in Maize (Zea mays L. Moench) Production at Igbariam in Three Successive Months
This experiment was conducted in 2021 and 2022 cropping season at the Teaching and Research farm Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam, Anambra State. The aim was to determine the effect of selected weed control methods on sole maize production and their economic profitability in Igbariam, Nigeria. It was a 3x4 factorial combination laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The selected cultivars was the main factor (Oka Bende, Oka Abakaliki and Oka Nsukka) while the four weed control methods (weedy check, hoe weeding, pre-emergence and post emergence) represented the sub-factor. Data was collected on germination percentage (5DAS and 8DAS), growth parameter (Plant height, stem girth and leaf area) and economic assessment. Data collected was subjected to data analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant mean were separated using Fisher’s Least Significant Difference. The highest number of percentage seed germination was recorded in Oka Nsukka 92.2% at 5DAS and Oka Bende 99.0% at 8DAS. Application of pre-emergence herbicide gave the plant height (249.0 cm), leaf area and plant girth was highest in Oka Bende. Pre-emergence herbicide indicated to have more superior weed control effect and more profitable than the other weed control methods used in the study.
Evaluation of Soil Properties under Citrus Orchard Land Use in Southern Guinea Savanna Agro-Ecology
Viable citrus production requires good soil management practices. Evaluation of soil properties under citrus orchard land use (CLU) will provide information on soil productivity potential for sustainable citrus production. This necessitates this study, which was carried out at Kabba, Southern Guinea Savanna agro-ecological zone of Kogi State, Nigeria. Five undisturbed core and auger samples of soil were collected at random, from four soil depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm) from CLU for laboratory analysis. The result of the soil analysis revealed that CLU soil texture was sandy loam, bulk density was ideal (1.31 gcm-3), pH was moderately acidic (5.7) and total nitrogen was high (0.32%). These soil properties support citrus growth and yield, while soil organic matter (SOM, 1.41%), available phosphorus (AP, 6.11 mg kg-1), exchangeable potassium (K, 0.27 cmol kg-1), exchangeable calcium (Ca, 3.05 cmol kg-1), total exchangeable bases (TEB, 4.88 cmol kg-1) and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC, 5.87 cmol kg-1) were low. The low soil properties therefore, demand better soil management practices geared toward optimum SOM level, in order to improve CLU soil nutrient storage and supply for sustainable, profitable and good quality citrus production.
Economic Analysis of Rain-Fed and Dry Season Bitter Leaf Production under Different Frequencies of Poultry Manure Application
Despite the importance of bitter leaf, the performance on addition of poultry manure at intervals as well as its economic implication remains unknown. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during the rainy and dry seasons to determine the agronomic performance of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) as influenced by mulching and frequency of poultry manure application and to also examine the economics of bitter leaf production under different frequencies of poultry manure application. The research was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out as a split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors comprised mulching (mulch and no mulch) in the main plot and varying frequencies of poultry manure application (no application, application at planting 2, 4 and 6 weeks intervals) as to the sub-plot. There was significant (P<0.05) variation in growth and yield of bitter leaf with the various frequencies of poultry manure application. Application of poultry manure at 2 and 4 weeks intervals gave optimal growth and yield during the rainy and dry seasons. However, using profitability indicators, which were, gross revenue, net revenue, benefit cost ratio (BCR) and profitability index of yield, application at 6 weeks intervals gave the highest net returns (₦37,835.00) as well as BCR (1.65) during the rainy season while application at planting gave the highest net returns (₦1,656,603.00) as well as BCR (36.1) during the dry season. Consequently, applying poultry manure at 6 weeks intervals was adjudged the most profitable for bitter leaf production during the rainy season while applying poultry manure only at planting was adjudged the most profitable for bitter leaf production during the dry season in the study area, hence these were recommended.
Copyright (c) 2023 Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Mineralogical Composition and Distribution in Selected Floodplain Soils of Southeastern Nigeria: Implications for Arable Crop Production
Floodplain soils are found on low-area of land where flood water periodically spreads when a river or stream overflow its banks. Floodplain soils of Mgbo-Abaja, Obokofia and Mbutu in Southeastern Nigeria formed under alluvium parent material were investigated and characterized in terms of their physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. Six profile pits (> 150 cm depths) were dug, two each in Mgbo-Abaja (Abakaliki), Obokofia (Egbema) and Mbutu (Owerrinta) study sites. The pits were geo-referenced using handheld GPS receiver, described and sampled from genetic horizons. Soil samples collected were air-dried, sieved and analyzed in the laboratory to determine their physico-chemical properties using standard methods, and mineralogical analysis using x-ray diffractometer. Results indicated that pedons were sandy in nature with low contents of organic carbon, pH, basic cations, cation exchange capacity and base saturation. Minerals in soils showed strong peak values at different intensities: Abakaliki site was dominated with quartz, zircon, magnetite and anatase with percentage abundance of 70%, 7%, 8% and 15% respectively; Egbema site recorded a percentage abundance of 69% and 31 % for quartz and microcline respectively; and Owerrinta site had 86%, 12% and 2% abundance in quartz, kaolinite and rutile respectively. Quartz minerals contribute to good soil structure, drainage and growing environment for crops. Zircon mineral (Mgbo-Abaja site) releases trace elements like zirconium which support various physiological processes in plants. Magnetite mineral (Mgbo-Abaja site) can be utilized for soil mapping and monitoring purposes, contributing indirectly to efficient soil management practices. Rutile and Anatase (Mbutu and Mgbo-Abaja sites respectively) can influence some soil properties such as water-holding capacity, nutrient retention, soil acidity and alkalinity which affect crop growth. Microcline (Obokofia site) which contains feldspar minerals releases K+ ions and can contribute to soil fertility, supporting crop productivity. Kaolinite (Mbutu site) has high water-holding capacity that aids in retaining moisture for plants during dry periods, but low in CEC and nutrient-holding capacity, which result in reduced nutrient availability for plants.
Socio-Economic Determinants of Food Security among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in North Central Nigeria
This study was carried out to assess the determinants and constraints of food security among internally displaced persons in North Central Nigeria. Primary data used for the study were derived by a survey of 137 residents of the IDP camps using a structured questionnaire. Data obtained were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and binary logit regression. The result of the analysis showed that household size, children status, and religion are statistically significant at 5%. Poor health status, high cost of food in the camp, lack of steady income, limited access to farmland, and rapid population growth in the camp were identified among others as the constraints to food security with a high mean score of >2.4. The study recommended that government policy measures directed towards family planning in IDP camps should be given adequate attention and made a priority to reduce the number of persons in a household and ensure that every one is adequately taken care of.
Analysis of Income Levels on the Pattern of Breadfruit Consumption in Ebonyi State
The output of breadfruit in Ebonyi State is gradually declining. Therefore the study analyzed the income levels on the pattern of breadfruit consumption in Ebonyi State. This is done with a view to ensuring that all stakeholders benefit from breadfruit consumption. One hundred and twenty (120) randomly and purposively selected breadfruit farmers were interviewed. The study was conducted in Ebonyi State because it was traditionally known for production of breadfruit. Data collected were analyzed using mean, Percentage and multinomial logit regression. The result showed that the respondents had a mean age of 43 years, mean household size of 8 persons and mean monthly income of ₦21,500. The study revealed a high level of consumption of breadfruit in the area with 49% consumed breadfruit at least twice a week. About 80% change observed in the consumption level of breadfruit was as result of the consumers’ income. Furthermore, about 89% variation observed in the consumption level of breadfruit was as a result of the combined effects of the identified socio-economic characteristics of respondents included in the regression model. The predominant factors that influenced the consumption of breadfruit in Ebonyi State included: price of breadfruit (x̄ =2.98), nutritional value (x̄ = 2.95), time for cooking (x̄ = 2.93), level of supply (x̄ = 2.83) and method of cooking or preparation (x̄ = 2.81). The study concluded that consumers’ socio-economic characteristics had significant influence on the consumption level of breadfruit in the area. It was also observed that there was high level of consumption of breadfruit in the area even though there were identified factors that influenced consumption level. The paper recommends diversification of sources of income to attract more people with high income in consumption of breadfruit. Also, more awareness should be created to encourage those who have not tested breadfruit to do so.
Distribution of African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus) Linnacus, 1758 in Okomu National Park, Nigeria
This study investigated the distribution of African Grey Parrots (Psittacus timneh) in Okomu National Park, Nigeria as influenced by the habitat and anthropogenic activities. Data were collected by random sampling from 18 compartments of approximately 1.6 km2 and with structured questionnaires on the use of various forest habitats, anthropogenic activities and African Grey Parrots in the Park. Data obtained were time seen, preferred compartment and vegetation, activities of the Parrot and level of participation in Park patrol. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the results revealed that 85% of the 615 Parrots sighted were in the dense vegetation with highest frequency of occurrence (134) in the evening (6:10 - 6:52 pm). Population distribution was highest (320) and least (28) in compartments 55 and 62 respectively with roosting (28.1%) and perching (0.30%) as the highest and least activities respectively., Timber extraction and illegal hunting constituted the highest anthropogenic activities compared to tourism (14.3%) to implicate habitat degradation (96.4%) as major threat to the even population distribution of this IUCN-threatened wildlife species in the Park. Therefore, the need to strengthen the daily patrol with more public enlightenment campaign for the conservation of the Okomu National Park for increased population viability cannot be overemphasized.
Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene (BTEX) Removal in Experimental Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetlands
Increase in the use of petroleum hydrocarbon as a source of energy has resulted in a tremendous increment in discharge of a wide diversity of hydrocarbon pollutants to the water and soil bodies. These pollutants are usually harmful and carcinogenic. Wetlands are a sustainable and cost-efficient technology to treat large quantities of these pollutants. The aim of this study is to explore the efficacy of different laboratory-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) filled with gravel and planted with common reed in degrading and removing BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene) organic compounds as a function of different organic loading rates, media size, and contact and rest time. The wetlands were operated between September, 2013 and April, 2014 in a greenhouse located on top of Newton building, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. To evaluate the hydrocarbon pollution, approximately 130 grams of diesel fuel was poured into each of four wetland filters which is equivalent of a one-off inflow concentration of 20,000 mg/l. A range of hydraulic loading rates was applied across the systems using real urban wastewater. Analysis of BTEX hydrocarbon concentrations of effluent waters along with other water quality parameters were carried out to monitor both removal efficiency and treatment performance variations. The results indicated that all the BTEX hydrocarbon components treated in the wetland filters were highly degraded with high removal efficiency (above 90%) in all contaminated filters with some even attenuated below detection limit. However, with regards to water quality parameters, filters contaminated by hydrocarbon performed worse in terms of COD and BOD, but considerably better regarding nitrate-nitrogen, ortho-phosphate phosphorus and ammonia-nitrate removal. This result has shown the robustness of VFCWs in eliminating BTEX organic compounds in urban waste-water. The successful removal of the hydrocarbon compounds and other pollutants will make constructed treatment wetlands very attractive and sustainable technology in environmental pollution control.
Assessment of Soil Texture Effect on Soil Erosion in Northern Sudan Savannah Alfisol of Nigeria
The aim of this study is to assess if silt has a potential effect on the erosion of the soils of Hadejia/Jamaare river basin, along river Kano in Sudan savannah zone, Kano, Nigeria. The research area was split into five slopes using digital elevation model (DEM) map, and in each slope, ten disturbed soil samples were collected at the depth of 0-15 and 15-30cm and replicated ten times in a randomised complete block design (RCBD). Erosion and texture were evaluated using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and particle size distribution hydrometer method respectively. Results indicated that the percentage silt fraction of the surface soil (0-15cm) was found to have no statistically significant variability among treatments and within blocks between replications (P>0.05). Middle slope recorded the highest silt fraction (33%) compared to valley (26 %). USLE findings however, revealed that middle slope has the highest record of potential soil loss (0.012 t/ha/yr) compared to the lowest slope (0.0013t/h/yr) with no statistically significant variability difference among treatments and within blocks between replications (P>0.05). Correlation analysis suggested that percentage silt and potential soil loss were positively correlated (0.26) and (R2 = 0.056). Overall, this study indicated that silt percentage is an increasing function of soil erosion; hence, rate of soil loss will increase at high silt percentage and that soils that contain high proportion of silt and fine sand are erodible and easily detached and carried away by either wind or water. For this reason, erosion control and management tools such as soil and water conservation praxes are strongly recommended to control the menace.
Soil Fertility Status of Millet and Sorghum Farms in Wudil, Kano State Nigeria and the Agronomic Implications
The aim of the research was to evaluate soil fertility status of millet and sorghum farms in Wudil, Kano State Nigeria in order to advise the farmers for sustainable millet and sorghum productions. A total of 30 composite soil samples were collected at depth 0-15 cm (fifteen from each of millet and sorghum farms). Structured questionnaires were also administered to record the cultural and management practices of the farmers. The soil samples were analyzed for some chemical properties using standard laboratory procedures. Results of questionnaires indicated that majority of millet and sorghum farmers in the study area are individual own farms with sizes less than half a hectare and practices mixed cropping with a grossly low input system. The results of soil properties shows that the pH of the millet farms in Wudil ranged from 5.2-6.11 (mean 5.78) which is considered to be moderately to slightly acidic while that of the sorghum farms is slightly acidic with a pH range of 5.83- 6.68 (mean 6.186). It was also found that the exchangeable acidity values were low 0.25 and 0.21 for the millet and sorghum farms respectively, indicating a low buffering capacity. The organic carbon and organic matter for both the millet and sorghum farms were low (0.1-0.958 and 0.172-1.651; 0.18-0.858 and 0.31-1.479 with mean values of 0.543 and 0.936, and 0.532 and 0.917 respectively). The total N was low for both millet and sorghum farms which ranged between 0.03-0.14 and 0.035-0.14 with mean of 0.061% and 0.067% respectively. The results of available P in the study area indicate medium in both millet and sorghum farms ranges from 8.5-22.73 and 6.818-22.48 with a mean of 11.75 and 12.90 respectively. The results of exchangeable bases (Ca, Na, Mg and K) were low ranges from 0.99-1.89, 0.07-0.211, 0.38-1.45; and 0.255-0.96 with mean values of 1.259, 0.135, 0.865 and 0.449 respectively, thus recommends application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers.
Organic Agriculture Research Output: Dissemination, Awareness and Implementation in Selected South-Eastern and South-South Nigerian States
A survey was carried out to assess the research outputs on organic agriculture in south-southern and south-eastern Nigerian Universities. Random sampling technique was employed to select six Federal Universities from the study area. At least eighteen (18) respondents were selected from each of the six Universities. A total of 110 well-structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents although only 90 (81.8%) people responded. Information regarding areas of organic research conducted, publications on organic agriculture, means of dissemination of findings to farmers and constraints encountered in organic agriculture research by the respondents were collected, collated and analyzed. Results showed that organic agriculture research is still very low in the study area compared to research in conventional agriculture publications on organic agriculture were mostly in Journals. Area of organic agriculture mostly researched was soil fertility management (37%) followed by organic fertilizer formulation (22.8%). The least researched area was organic weed management (7.6%) and mechanization (7.6%). Radio was mostly used as dissemination strategy. The most serious constraints in organic agriculture research as well as dissemination of information in the study area were inadequate funding, government policy and poor incentives. Hence, it was recommended that funding organic agriculture research, providing incentives and formulating appropriate policies by government to support organic agriculture research will promote researches in organic agriculture with the corresponding technological innovations towards food security.
Current Trends in Fisheries and Aquaculture
This report reviews recent trends in Nigeria's fisheries and aquaculture sector from 2013 to 2022. Secondary sources were used to gather data for this investigation. A desk review of recent literature on Nigerian fisheries and aquaculture trends was conducted. As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, the fisheries and aquaculture sector experienced a huge demographic and economic transformation. It shows how the Nigerian fisheries economy has changed, as well as supply and demand, the value chain, fish feed suppliers, service provision, employment and labour, and financial performance. The various institutes and organizations that aid the expansion of Nigeria's fisheries and aquaculture sector were discussed, and their functions were demonstrated. It discusses the various roles of men and women in the Nigerian fisheries and aquaculture sector, providing additional insight into the sector's gender inclusiveness. In conclusion, it demonstrates that this sector is trailing behind. As a result, every unit of this sector should be improved and given sufficient attention in order to stimulate higher production and revenue for improved food and nutrition security, young employment, livelihood, and income, as well as the economy's long-term sustainability. Again, to enhance sustainable fish production, a suitable institutional framework, such as training through extension services, should be put in place for both artisanal fisher folks and fish farmers.
Entrepreneurship and Agribusiness, Sure Way to Self-Reliance in Nigeria
The unavailability of jobs have compelled individuals to seek for alternative jobs. People now think of what they can do on their own to earn a living. Since Nigeria is characterized by agribusiness, most people are in the area of agribusinesses. They are involved in the production of inputs, farm production and distribution and marketing of what has been produced. Though cooperative form part of the business, education is required for them to progress along that line. Finance and good management are also required if profit is to be maximized.
Response Surface Methodology (RSM): Review of the Practical Approach in Food Science and Technology Research
Response Surface Methodology is a statistical method for modelling and analyzing a process in which the response of interest is affected by various variables. The objective of this method is to optimize the response. RSM is widely used to conduct research in different fields especially in Food Science and Technology, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. It is the purpose of this paper to review the literature of response surface methodology emphasizing its practical application in Food Science and Technology research. Steps for designing experiment in RSM and its analysis were highlighted. The advantages of RSM as a veritable tool in experimental design and analysis can be hinged on its ability to determine the interaction of the independent variables on chosen response variables and modelling the variables mathematically by presenting the response variables as functions of independent variables. RSM from the outset assumes second order polynomial model. It is important to note that appropriate selection of independent variables and their levels in an experiment greatly influence the successful application of RSM
Growth, Yield and Disease Response of Two Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Varieties to Poultry Manure Rates in Adazi-Nnukwu, Southeast Nigeria
A field experiment was conducted in Adazi-Nnukwu, Anaocha Local Government Area of Anambra State from July to October, 2019. The research aimed at determining the effects of poultry manure rates and variety on growth, yield, fungal disease incidence and severity of two okra varieties in Adazi-Nnukwu. Three poultry manure rates of 4 t/ha, 8t/ha, and 12 t/ha were applied to two varieties of okra – Clemson spineless, and Otukwuru-Omia in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment laid out in randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The result showed significant effects of poultry manure rates on growth parameters. Tallest okra plants (65.69 cm) was obtained in Clemson spineless fertilized with 12 t/ha of poultry manure, while broadest leaf (415.00 cm), and highest number of leaves (12.59) were obtained in the local variety fertilized with 12 t/ha of poultry manure, at eight weeks after planting. Poultry manure rates and variety had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on weight of fruits, fruit lengths, number of fruits per plant and yield per plot. Highest number of fruits (3.96) and highest fruit length (7.50 cm) were obtained in Clemson spineless. Highest fruit weight (14.34g) and highest yield (1.414 t/ha) were obtained in local variety fertilized with, 12 t/ha of poultry manure. There was no significant effects on disease incidence and severity. However, highest disease incidence (55.6%) was obtained in both Clemson spineless and local variety fertilized with 12 t/ha of poultry manure. Also, disease severity was highest (4.00) in Clemson spineless fertilized with 12 t/ha of poultry manure. The fungi isolated from the infected Okra leaves and fruits were Botrydiplodia spp and Rhizopus spp. Based on the findings of this investigation, it was recommended that farmers in the study area should cultivate the local variety (Otukwuru-Omia) in soil amended with 12 t/ha of poultry manure.
Management of Erosion Ravaged Soils of Southeastern Nigeria
Soil is among the most precious resources to humans on earth; and without the soil, life as we know it, would not exist. The soil is a finite resource that must be protected. This is more so, as the rate of land degradation and soil loss is becoming increasingly alarming across the globe. In southeastern Nigeria, gully erosion has already taken an immense toll on the socioeconomic and environmental wellbeing of the people. Soil erosion is one of the most destructive forms of land degradation on earth, with gully erosion as a major environmental hazard in Southeastern Nigeria. Many communities in Southeastern Nigeria have lost landmarks, lives and properties to soil erosion. This paper looks at the causes, impacts and management of soil erosion as a prerequisite to sustainable land resources use and management, and subsequently, sustainable agricultural production and food security.
Poultry Manure Rate for Pot-Plant Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) Production in a Humid Rainforest Zone of Nigeria
Recommended agronomic practices for sustainable production of bitter leaf, especially in Anambra state, Nigeria where the leaves are used to prepare special soup delicacy, is scarce despite the local and global nutritional and pharmaceutical utilization of the crop. A preliminary study was therefore conducted to study the growth and yield responses of bitter leaf, grown as pot-plants, to poultry manure rates with the objective of determining the optimum manure rate under the aforementioned production system. The poultry manure rates were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 t/ha. The research was carried out as a pot experiment at the Teaching and Research Farm of Department of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out as a completely randomized design with ten replications. There was a significant increase in growth and leaf yield with increase in poultry manure rate with the peak at 10 t/ha poultry manure application. Specifically, at 6 months after planting, tallest plants (38.3 cm), widest stems (8 mm) were obtained from plants the received 10 t/ha poultry manure. Highest fresh leaf yield (2.02 t/ha) was recorded in plants that received highest amount of poultry manure (20, 25 and 30 t/ha) though the mean value was statistically at par with 1.98 t/ha leaf yield obtained from the application of 10 t/ha poultry manure. Similarly, the application of 10 t/ha PM enhanced the accumulation of highest dry matter in the leaves (0.79 t/ha) compared to other poultry manure rates. Hence, the application of 10 t/ha poultry manure was recommended for optimum growth and yield of bitter leaf as pot plants in Awka, Nigeria.
Weight Loss, Proximate and Microbial Properties of Fermented and Unfermented Sausages Produced from Snail and Beef Blends
Four different batches of sausages were produced from ground snail and beef blends at varying snail: beef ratios (100 : 0, 80 : 20, 60 : 40, 50 : 50) for batch S1 , S2 , S3 and S4 respectively. Another four samples of the same snail: beef ratio were produced and fermented. All the sausage samples were cooked, roasted and then analyzed for quality characteristics. The proximate content showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) among samples. The range of moisture content was 18.54 - 21.81% with unfermented sausages having the highest moisture content, protein content range from 83.73 - 87.02% with fermented sausages having the highest protein content while the fat content ranged from 3.00 - 5.86% with unfermented sausages having the highest value. Cooking losses showed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) from roasting losses. Microbial analysis showed that fermented sausages had the highest microbial load of (3.0 x 104 CFU/g). Sensory evaluation of the sausages revealed high mean overall acceptability scores for unfermented and roasted sausages. Generally, the products with 100% snail and 50% snail were most acceptable to the panelists. As such it was concluded that 50% beef or more could be replaced with snail in the production of healthy sausage roll.
Revamping Farmer Field School to Farmer Field Business School for Sustainable Agricultural Production
The Farmer Field School (FFS) is a form of out of regular school or adult learning situation or execution of the learning process in the field where farmers experiment together with the extension agent. The FFS tends to provide farmers especially the non-formal avenue to practically view things directly as being demonstrated by the extension agent who is the field teacher and the farmers themselves who demonstrate the basic concept alongside the extension agents. However, educating farmers through FFS requires more issues of agricultural commercialisation from both farmers and the facilitators than simple technology transfer or technical recommendations of innovation. This paper provided insight into the content of FFS, regarding the norms of FFS, the role of facilitators and the need to enhance FFS, build capacity of farmers for commercialized agricultural production, food and nutrition security and continued rural development. The FFS is not effectively practised and there are few extension agents to handle the processes, thus affecting agricultural production and food security. The reorientation of FFS as farmer field business school (FFBS) will enhance extension services delivery for more income hence, need for more agents is critical for effective FFBS, the FFBS consequently will contribute to achieving the sustainable agriculture and rural development.