Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi <p>The <strong><em>Journal of Biomedical Investigation</em></strong><strong> (JBI) </strong>is a publication of the Biomedical Research Association of Nigeria (BRAN) of the College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The journal seeks to promote interdisciplinary research across all Biomedical Sciences. It publishes original articles, case studies, reviews and short communications in the field of medical sciences, clinical laboratory and experimental medicine, and related fields (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Nursing, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Physiotherapy, Radiography, and Medical Rehabilitation, Clinical Pharmacy, Psychology, etc).</p> <p>The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the editorial board but of individual authors. The Editorial board of <strong><em>Journal of Biomedical Investigation</em></strong><strong> (JBI) </strong>appreciates those who subscribe to the journal, reviewers and the consulting editors for their contributions.</p> <p>Authors are to send their articles through<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected]</a></p> Biomedical Research Association of Nigeria (BRAN) of the College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka en-US Journal of Biomedical Investigation 1597-0043 INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL PRACTICE: COMPLIANCE AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN NIGERIA DURING COVID-19 https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4332 <p><strong>Background</strong>: The COVID-19 infection has become a global pandemic and received attention worldwide with varying consequences of death or ill-health among Health Care Workers (HCWs). As a result of COVID-19, infection prevention and control (IPC) practices have been identified to play a concrete role in combating the spread of COVID-19 globally. Infection prevention and control (IPC) programs that are well-planned and carefully implemented have been shown to reduce illness, reduce hospital stays, prevent death, and save money.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study aimed to investigate compliance with IPC practice among HCWs in Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: The study adopted a cross-sectional design that used a self-administered paper-based questionnaire. Seventy-eight (78) HCWs workers from different disciplines in different healthcare centres participated across Nigeria. A convenience sampling technique was used. Descriptive statistics of percentages and descriptive statistics were used to present the results.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: more than half of the participants 44 (56.4%), were medical doctors with the majority of respondents’ ages ranging between 25 and 34 years. All the respondents indicated 100% compliance with handwashing practices during the period of COVID-19. Only 65 (83.2%) wear surgical/N95 masks during patient contact while 51 (65.3%) ensure the maintenance of social/physical distancing during working hours.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: This study revealed that the HCWs in Nigeria have a relatively good compliance rate to IPC practice indicating they are better positioned to combat outbreaks.</p> Niyi David AKINTAYO Deborah Foluke ONISILE Kayode I OKE Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 3 14 CARDIOMETABOLIC STATUS OF MENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN NKWELLE-EZUNAKA, ANAMBRA STATE https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4333 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Menopause results from ovarian aging or ovarectomy and is accompanied by hormonal and metabolic changes that contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of mortality.</p> <p><strong>Aim of study</strong>: To assess the cardiometabolic status of menopausal women in Nkwelle-Ezunaka using Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Insulin Resistance, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and Fasting Insulin (FI).</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This cross-sectional study involved ninety females (45 menopausal, and 45 premenopausal) recruited by simple random sampling technique. Blood pressure was measured using the auscultatory method, BMI calculated using weight and height measurements, while WHR was obtained using waist and hip circumference measurements. Levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, IR, FPG and FI were determined spectrophotometrically using standard methods. Independent t-test was used for the statistical analysis of data.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: A significantly higher mean values of BP, WHR, TC, TG and LDL-C (p˂ 0.05) and lower mean values of FI (6.80 ± 4.46) and IR (1.49 ± 1.15) were observed in menopausal women compared to premenopausal women (12.90 ± 15.33) (3.95 ± 5.45) with p˂0.05 in both cases. No significant differences were found in the mean values of BMI, HDL-C and FPG in menopausal women compared with the premenopausal women (p&gt; 0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Waist Hip Ratio, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Systolic Blood Pressure, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, may be better indicators of unhealthy cardio[1]metabolic status than Body Mass Index, High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Fasting Plasma Glucose. Menopausal women appear to be more predisposed to cardiovascular disease than the premenopausal women.</p> Amara Anthonia Okereke Patrick Onochie Manafa Augustine Chinedu Ihim Christian Ejike Onah Stellamaris Chinenye Okeke Emmanuel Chukwuemeka Ogbodo Chibuzo Charles-Mendel Manafa Kenneth Ejike Nwene Chisimdi Valentine Ugaliegbulem Sunday Olua Ekuma Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 15 33 KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF PARTOGRAPH AMONG MIDWIVES IN SELECTED HEALTH FACILITIES IN ANAMBRA STATE https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4334 <p><strong>Introduction</strong>: Poor intrapartum care remains one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Globally, a woman dies of pregnancy-related causes every two minutes and most of the deaths are preventable with the right care at the right time. The major complications, which account for almost 75% of all maternal deaths are preventable including complications during childbirth. One of the major components of quality management of labour to prevent maternal mortality is the use of partograph by the skilled birth attendant during management of labour.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and utilization of partograph among midwives working in the labour ward in health facilities in Anambra state, Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study in which a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 100 midwives in 17 health facilities consisting of 2 tertiary, 3 secondary and 12 primary healthcare centres (PHC) in Anambra state. Obtained data was summarized using mean, and percentages.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Thirty-nine (39%) of the respondents aged less than 30 years, 52% were within 30-45 years while 9% aged 40 years and above. Twenty-one (21%) were just registered midwives while 68% and 11% were registered nurse-midwives and registered nurse-midwives with B.NSc degree respectively. Almost half, 48%, of the respondents have had 5-10 years working experience; 14% of the respondents worked in the primary health facility, 37% of the respondents in the secondary health facility while 49% worked in the tertiary health facility. The results show a 78% level of knowledge among the midwives, although only 72% and 60% knew the level of cervical dilation to start the use of partograph and the benefit of partograph respectively. Level of utilization was 96%, although only 30.2% used partograph always while 51% used it often and 18.9% rarely used it. Barriers identified were shortage of staff, unavailability of partograph and time constraints.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: There is good level of knowledge of partograph among midwives working in labour wards across different levels of health care facilities but the depth of the knowledge is not encouraging.</p> Florence Tochukwu Sibeudu Lynda Nkiru Ejinkonye Anulika Johnson Afonne Oluchukwu Ginika Okonkwo Ogochukwu T. Obionwu Noreen Ebelechukwu Agbapuonwu Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 34 45 QUALITY OF LIFE, CARDIOVASCULAR INDICES AND STRESS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC IN FMC OWO, ONDO STATE https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4335 <p><strong>Background</strong>: The period of pregnancy is a critical period in a woman’s life that involves not only biological/physiological but psychological and social changes. These changes can affect quality of life of a pregnant woman, maternal and infant health hence the need to be monitored and kept under control.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: To determine the correlation between Quality of life, selected Cardiovascular indices and Stress among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Federal Medical Centre, Owo.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: This cross-sectional study recruited 95 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Data was obtained using the Perceived Stress Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Bref. Participants’ blood pressure and pulse rate were measured using appropriate instrument. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and Inferential statistics of spearman rho correlation of coefficient and Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance with mean rank. Alpha level was set at p= 0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: A significant negative correlation was observed between pulse rate and perceived stress level (r = -0.195, p = &lt;0.05); between physical domain of the WHOQoL-Bref and perceived stress level (r = -0.207, p = &lt;0.05). No significant difference was found for perceived stress among the different categories of gestational age of respondents. Also there was no significant difference in all the domains of quality of life and overall quality of life among the different categories of gestational age of respondents (p&gt;0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Stress is negatively correlated with pulse rate of pregnant women while Physical health negatively correlated with perceived stress. Stress and quality of life were not significantly different throughout the different stages of pregnancy.</p> Samuel Olufemi Bolarinde Ifeanyi Emmanuel Nwobodo Fayokemi Henrietta Akinsete Esther Oghosa Emokpae Abiola Tolulope Subulade Olutola Olutowo Kayode-Imoru Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 46 60 EFFECT OF SPORTS PARTICIPATION ON SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR AND ADIPOSITY INDICES AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, EDO STATE https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4336 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Participation in sporting activities produces a significant improvement in the physical, social and mental health of individuals and also reduce risk of diseases. Cardiovascular diseases are reported to be the leading cause of deaths worldwide, with an estimated 17.9 million people dying from cardiovascular related diseases in 2019.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sport participation on selected cardiovascular health and adiposity indices among a cohort of undergraduate students.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Consecutive sampling technique was used to recruit 359 consenting undergraduates of University of Benin. Data were obtained using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants were classified as non-sports participants, minimally active and very active sports participants. Descriptive statistics of mean, frequency, standard deviation and inferential statistics of ANOVA test were used to summarize and analyze the obtained data. The level of significance was set at 0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Majority of the respondents were involved in sports activities (66.3%) while 33.7% were not involved in sporting activities. Among those involved in sports, 33.4% were classified as very active participants while 32.0% were minimally active. The results also revealed a significant difference in the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of respondents among the three classified sport participation categories (p &lt; 0.05 in all cases).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Active participation in sports should therefore be encouraged among undergraduates’ students. Participation in sports seems to have a potential positive influence on cardiovascular, adiposity and respiratory functions.</p> Samuel Olufemi Bolarinde Esther Oyinlola Akeredolu Elisha Owoyemi Adeboye Ikenna Collins Nzeakuba Afeez Kolawole Ojo-Ogun Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 61 73 GENDER DIFFERENCES IN UPPER LIMB MOTOR RECOVERY POST-STROKE: EFFECTS OF TASK-ORIENTED TRAINING AND REPETITION COUNTS https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4337 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Stroke often results in significant impairments in upper limb motor function and daily activities, requiring various rehabilitation approaches. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy and Task-Oriented Training are recognized interventions, but their efficacy may vary based on gender differences and repetition frequency.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: To investigate gender differences in upper limb motor rehabilitation post-stroke, focusing on the effects of task-oriented training and repetition counts.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Stroke patients without severe motor or cognitive impairments were included in the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected, and upper limb motor function was assessed using the Motor Activity Log (MAL) and the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT). Participants performed a task involving the transfer of small wooden blocks between compartments for one hour, with the number of repetitions recorded every 15 minutes. Chi-square tests were used to examine relationships between variables and predict task repetition ability. The significance level was set at ≤ 0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Among 75 participants (40 males, 35 females, aged 19-98), males completed slightly more task repetitions (53.3% vs. 46.7%). Participants averaged 437.50 task repetitions (range: 15-590). Statistical analysis showed no significant association between gender and the number of task repetitions (P &gt; 0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The study found a strong correlation between WMFT and MAL in assessing upper limb impairment across both genders. Understanding gender-specific responses to task-oriented exercises and optimal repetition counts is essential for developing tailored rehabilitation strategies.</p> Umma Abdullahi Aminu Lawan Umar Muhammad Aliyu Abba Bishir Sabo Mahmoud Usman Yunusa Musa Kani Zakari Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 74 84 ASSESSMENT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI USING DIFFERENT IDENTIFICATION METHODS ON SUBFERTILE FEMALES IN A FERTILITY CLINIC IN AWKA https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4338 <p><strong>Background</strong>: <em>Helicobacter pyroli</em> infection occurs when the bacteria infects the stomach lining and causes inflammation, peptic ulcer disease and certain types of stomach cancer. Women with <em>H.pyroli</em> infection have specific antibodies in cervical mucus.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study was aimed at assessment of <em>H.pyroli</em> using different identification methods on subfertile female patients in Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methodology</strong>: This cross-sectional study involved 101 females attending Life International Hospital, consecutively sampled aged 18 to 35 years. Stool samples were collected for culture and <em>H.Pyroli</em> stool antigen Elisa test (HpSA). Smears from isolated colonies were used for gram staining, urease test, catalase test and oxidase test. PCR products were separated on a 1.5% agarose gel and DNA bands were visualized with Ethidium bromide.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Out of the 101 participants, 21.8% were positive in the culture method and 14.9% positive in the stool Antigen Elisa method. Among the participants, age group 31-35 years tested 100% for <em>H.Pyroli</em> in both methods. There were no positive cases in PCR method in all the age groups, with all cases being negative. There was significant difference in <em>H.Pyroli</em> among different age groups for both culture method (X<sup>2</sup>=9.751, P=0.002) and stool antigen Elisa method (X<sup>2</sup>=6.107, P=0.013). In the duration of subfertility, age groups 6-10 years had 54.5% positive in culture method and 73.3% positive in the stool antigen Elisa method with no positive in the PCR method. There was no significant difference among the different methods (p-values&gt; 0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The choice of test to detect <em>H.pyroli</em> infection depends on the prevalence and strains of <em>H.pyroli</em> on endemic areas, accessibility, advantages and disadvantages of each method as well as different clinical circumstances of each patient. To combine the results of two or more tests could be a reasonable strategy in routine clinical practice to achieve the most reliable result.</p> V.S. Nwadialor B.C. Unaeze I.O. Uduchi O.M.T.B. Ochiabuto Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 85 93 EFFECTS OF MODIFIED CONSTRAINT-INDUCED MOVEMENT THERAPY UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS ON FUNCTIONAL MOBILITY IN STROKE PATIENTS: A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4339 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Stroke is prevalent and poses significant healthcare challenges, emphasizing the need for effective rehabilitation strategies. While Combined Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (mCIMT) has shown potential in improving both upper and lower limb functions, its overall impact on motor function, mobility, and quality of life remains inadequately explored.</p> <p><strong>Objective</strong>: This study evaluated the efficacy of Combined mCIMT (CO), which targets both upper and lower limbs, compared to CIMT focusing solely on the lower limb (LL) or upper limb (UL), in enhancing motor function, mobility, and quality of life in stroke patients.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: In a randomized trial conducted at the Physiotherapy Clinic, Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital, Kano, 46 stroke patients were assigned to one of three groups: Combined mCIMT (CO, n=16), Lower Limb mCIMT (LL, n=15), or Upper Limb mCIMT (UL, n=15). Each intervention was administered daily for 2 hours, 5 days a week, over 4 weeks. Outcomes were assessed using the Lower Limb Motor Activity Log, Fugl-Meyer Assessment, and Stroke Impact Scale. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: All groups exhibited significant improvements in motor function, lower limb use, balance, and quality of life (P &gt; 0.05). Notably, the LL group showed significantly greater improvements compared to the CO and UL groups.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Modified LL CIMT was more effective in enhancing motor function, mobility, and quality of life in stroke patients than Combined or UL-specific mCIMT approaches.</p> Lawan Umar B. O. Adegoke O. O. Dada Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 94 110 IMPACT OF DEPRESSION, FATIGUE, AND ANXIETY ON SLEEP QUALITY AMONG STROKE SURVIVORS FROM SELECTED GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS IN OSOGBO, OSUN STATE https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4340 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Stroke is one of the most common diseases that leads to death and varying disabilities. Mood and fatigue levels affect the depth and length of sleep of stroke survivors, leading to sleep disorders which could lead to the recurrence of stroke. Understanding the impact of sleep quality will enhance patient management.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: To determine the impact of depression, anxiety, and fatigue on the sleep quality of stroke survivors.</p> <p><strong>Method</strong>: A cross-sectional design and consecutive sampling technique was used to recruit 50 stroke survivors. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to determine post-stroke depression, the Fatigue Severity Scale was used to determine post-stroke fatigue, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 was used to determine post-stroke anxiety, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate sleep quality. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between these factors.</p> <p><strong>Result</strong>: Post-stroke depression, fatigue, anxiety, and poor sleep quality were observed in 27.4%, 80.4%, 29.4%, and 23.5% of the participants, respectively. A significant relationship was observed between depression, anxiety, and sleep quality.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Poor sleep quality may be a risk factor for depression and anxiety among stroke survivors.</p> Anita C Okafor Isaac. B Akinola David N. Akinatyo Goodness. O Adefiwitan Israel A. Ojo Oluwafumilayo Kajero Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 111 117 KIDNEY CORTICO-MEDULLARY RATIO IN A NIGERIAN PATIENT COHORT IN ABA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ABIA STATE, NIGERIA https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4341 <p><strong>Background</strong>: The ratio of the renal cortical and medullary thicknesses has been reported as a strong indicator of renal function in other populations.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: To determine the cortico-medullary ratio (CMR) in selected healthy adults and patients with chronic renal diseases in Aba South Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Two-dimensional sonography was conducted to measure the cortical and medullary thicknesses of the kidney parenchyma of 483 participants comprising 405 healthy adults and 78 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The CMR was calculated by dividing cortical thickness by medullary thickness. Blood samples of the participants were collected to determine the serum creatinine and urea levels, while urine samples were checked for the presence of protein.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The CMR of healthy adults was 1.27 ± 0.01 for the right kidney and 1.26 ± 0.05 for the left kidney. The mean CMR for the right kidney of healthy participants was 1.27 ± 0.01 while that of CKD patients was 0.93 ± 0.07. The mean CMR for the left kidney of healthy participants was 1.26 ± 0.05 while that of CKD patients was 0.94 ± 0.08. There were significant differences between CMR values of healthy participants and patients with CKD (p&lt;0.05). There was no relationship between CMR and the anthropometric parameters of normal individuals (p&gt;0.05).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The mean kidney CMRs for healthy adults and patients with CKD in Aba South have been established. The CMRs in patients with CKD were significantly lower than those of their healthy counterparts suggesting the importance of CMR in sonographic investigation of CKD.</p> Chinedu E. Nwokedi Christopher C. Ohagwu Victor K. Nwodo Confidence S. Ihuoma Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 118 131 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CRANIOVERTEBRAL ANGLE AND THE RISK OF FALLS AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER ADULTS IN SELECTED COMMUNITIES IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4342 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Reduced craniovertebral angle (&lt; 490 ) i.e. forward head posture is the most common type of postural abnormality seen in older adults which result from displacement of the vertical line of the body’s centre of gravity.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study was designed to determine the association between the craniovertebral angle (head posture) and risk of falls of community dwelling older adults in Oyo state.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This was a cross-sectional study in which consecutive sampling was used to recruit 195 participants (97 females, 98 males). Universal goniometer and adapted Time-up-and-go test were used to measure the participant’s craniovertebral angle (CVA) and risk of fall respectively. Chi square test was used to determine the level of association between variables while Mann Whitney U test was used to determine the difference between the two age groups. Alpha level was set at &lt; 0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The mean CVA of the participants was 36.10±6.80 degrees with 186 (95.40%) participants having CVA &lt;49<sup>o</sup> (forward head posture). There was a significant association between craniovertebral angle and risk of fall (p=0.001) of the participants and there was also a significant difference in craniovertebral angle and the risk of fall between the two age groups (p=0.001) and (p=0.001) respectively.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The outcome of this study revealed that prevalence of forward head posture was high and there was significant association between the craniovertebral angle and the risk of fall of the geriatric population.</p> Omotayo O Tabiti I.D Oyeniran A. O. Ojoawo A.A. Akodu J.O. Adeleke Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 132 145 EXPLORING QUALITY OF LIFE, STRESS, AND COPING STRATEGIES AMONG MARRIED FEMALE CLINICAL STUDENTS IN NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTIONS https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4343 <p><strong>Background</strong>: The rigor of achieving an advanced degree is commonly accompanied by feelings of stress, particularly in the ever-growing and changing field of health sciences. Stress can impact learning. How students manage stress depends on their personal coping strategies and self-care. There is a need to evaluate students’ stress, coping methods, and quality of life to help identify issues negatively affecting students and strategize solutions and preventative methods.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: To examine perceived stress, coping strategies, and quality of life in married female clinical students.</p> <p><strong>Material and methods</strong>: The Perceived Academic Stress Scale (PASS), Brief-COPE, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQoL-Bref) were administered to students. Data was obtained through an electronic questionnaire (Google Form), and the link to the questionnaire was shared via students’ WhatsApp groups. To analyze data, inferential statistics of Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tests were used at the 0.05 level of significance.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Fifty-three married female clinical students participated in this study. The results showed a significant increase in PASS scores, adaptive coping behaviors, and moderate quality of life. The PASS scores of the students had a moderate to large positive correlation with coping behaviors but no correlation between PASS scores and quality of life.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: No significant correlations was observed between quality of life and perceived academic stress and coping strategies of married female clinical students.</p> Ebere Yvonne Nwamaka Ihegihu Chisom Jennifer Chima Doluwamu Abimbola Wale-Aina Chima Collins Ihegihu Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 146 166 CHARACTERIZATION OF ADENOCARCINOMA AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX IN NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL, NNEWI NIGERIA https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4344 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Cervical cancer remains a major health concern, particularly in developing countries. Understanding the distinct characteristics and clinical presentations of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma is crucial for improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, especially in resource-limited settings like Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study compared the histopathological characteristics of adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 117 cervical cancer biopsies retrieved for the Histopathology Laboratory of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, which included 15 adenocarcinomas (12.82%), 26 squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) (22.20%), and 76 invasive squamous cell carcinomas (ISCC) (64.95%). The samples were processed using the conventional Haematoxylin and Eosin staining method. Data on patient age, cancer grade, and tumour cell type were also collected.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The mean ages for ADC, SCCIS, and ISCC were 44.9, 54.3, and 56.5 years, respectively. Among ADC cases, 11 (73.33%) were well-differentiated and 4 (26.67%) moderately differentiated. In SCCIS, 25 (96.20%) were well-differentiated and 1 (3.80%) moderately differentiated, while ISCC had 42 (55.30%) well-differentiated, 27 (35.50%) moderately differentiated, and 7 (9.20%) poorly differentiated tumours. Non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma was more prevalent 63 (61.76%) compared to keratinizing types 39 (38.24%).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: SCC is more prevalent than ADC among cervical cancer cases, with older age at diagnosis for SCCIS and ISCC. High rates of well-differentiated SCCIS and ADC highlight the importance of early detection, while the presence of poorly differentiated ISCC reflect delayed diagnosis and indicates a need for aggressive treatment. Tailored treatment strategies based on histological subtypes and continuous monitoring are recommended to improve patient outcomes.</p> Amalachukwu Okwukwe Ike Samuel Ifedioranma Ogenyi God'sman Chidugam Eberechukwu Ramson Chinemerem Achilefu Christian Kelechi Agwaraonye Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 167 176 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVEL OF RETIRED PERSONS IN ONDO, NIGERIA https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4345 <p><strong>Introduction</strong>: Despite the advancing age of the individual, physical activity plays a vital role in leading a healthy life as it lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and improves mental wellbeing.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study aimed to examine the relationship between the health-related quality of life and physical activity levels of retired persons in Ondo Town, Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: This cross-sectional study involved 204 retired persons. Health-related quality of life and Physical Activity Level was assessed using SF-12 questionnaire and The International Physical Activity questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short Form. Data was summarized using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentages. Chi-square and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used. Alpha level was set as p&lt;0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Majority of the respondents were within the age group 61 - 70 years (55.4%), male gender (54.4%) and married (73.5%). The mean age, Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (physical), Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) (mental) and physical activity of the respondents were 69.7 ± 7.23, 399.92 ± 115.8, 254.09 ± 48.62, 4012.7 ± 10985 MET respectively. There was a significant relationship between physical activity level and HRQOL (physical) (r = 1.00, p = 0.010), also there was significant relationship between physical activity level and HRQOL (mental) (r = 0.179, p = 0.001).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The findings of this study indicated that a significant proportion of retired individuals residing in Ondo town participated in moderate physical activity. Moreover, the study revealed a positive correlation between the level of physical activity and the health-related quality of life among retired persons in Ondo town.</p> A. K. Madume B. A. Williams T. O. Afolabi G. B. Ogundunmade I. E. Ogunleye K. S. Oladejo P. Olaseinde F. O. Odusanya Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 177 186 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND BODY COMPOSITION OF A COHORT OF CLINICAL UNDERGRADUATES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4346 <p><strong>Background of the study</strong>: Physical activity and healthy body composition are crucial for the overall health and well-being of students of healthcare professions, who are being trained as future advocates of healthcare.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study investigated the relationship between Physical activity and body composition of final year clinical students of Basic Medical Sciences of the University of Benin, Nigeria.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: This is a cross-sectional study in which 163 participants were recruited using consecutive sampling technique. The participants were drawn from departments in school of basic medical sciences including Physiotherapy, Nursing, and Medical Laboratory Science. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess physical activity levels, which were categorized as low, moderate, or high. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were taken to calculate body composition parameters such as Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR), and waist-to-stature ratio (WSR). Data was summarized using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, frequencies, percentages; and analyzed using inferential statistics of Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficients and chi-square. Level of significance was set at &lt;0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Half (50.3%) of the participants had low physical activity levels, 24.5% had moderate levels, and 25.2% had high levels. Physical Activity levels had a significant negative correlation with BMI (r=-0.538, p&lt;0.001) and weight (r=-0.390, p&lt;0.001). A significant negative correlation was also found between physical activity levels and waist circumference (r=-0.158, p=0.04). However, no significant correlations were found between Physical activity levels and each of age and WHR. No significant (&gt;0.05) &nbsp;gender-based correlation was found between physical activity levels and body composition.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The findings suggest that physical activity is associated with improved body composition, particularly lower BMI, weight, and waist circumference, among final year clinical students of the University of Benin. Promoting physical activity programs and maintaining healthy body composition may be beneficial for this population of future healthcare professionals.</p> E. Okhuahesuyi C.M. Daodu S.N. Oghumu Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 187 197 IMMUNORECEPTOR AND KI-67 CHARACTERIZATION OF BREAST CANCER IN A TERTIARY HEALTHCARE FACILITY IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4347 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Breast cancer is highly complex and heterogeneous with disparities in ethnic and racial histological subtypes and tumour behaviour; is the second most common cancer in the world, and the most common cancer in women. Nigeria maintains the 9th position in breast cancer mortality worldwide.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: The present study assessed the immune receptor and tumour proliferation marker characterization of breast cancers.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out from 2010 to 2015. Two hundred (200) archived breast cancer tissue samples were retrieved from the histopathology Laboratory of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi. Patients' data were retrieved from the histopathology reports. Tissue blocks were re-embedded in fresh paraffin wax and 4µ thick serial sections were cut and stained accordingly.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Breast tissue samples were the most prevalent sample types (48.9%) while grade 3 tumours were the most pervasive cancer grades; patients' ages at presentation range from 23 to 86 years, with a mean age of 55. Positive immunoreactivity for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and proliferation marker (Ki67) were 89.2%, 69.7%, 24.1% and 98.5% respectively, for invasive ductal carcinoma. Her-2 was the least expressed whereas Ki67 was expressed in almost all the cancer types. ER-positive tumours were the most prevalent with ER/PR co-positivity being the second.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The characterization and hormonal expression pattern of breast cancer maintained the same trend. ER-positive tumours were the most prevalent with ER/PR co-positivity being the second. Her-2 was the least expressed whereas Ki67 was expressed in almost all the cancer types.</p> Samuel Ifedioranma Ogenyi Chimsom Ngozichika Offor Cornelius Uka V. Onyiorah Igwebuike Johnson Onyemaechi Afonne Judith Austin Jonathan Uja Madukwe June Amara Onu Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 198 214 ACTIVITIES OF FSH RECEPTORS ON THE RESTORATION OF REPRODUCTIVE INDICES IN HYPERPROLACTIN RATS TREATED WITH GREEN COCONUT WATER https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4348 <p><strong>Background of the study</strong>: Green coconut water (GCW) exhibits fertility-enhancing properties. This study investigated the role of GCW on follicle stimulating hormone activation in understanding its mode of action.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: We investigated the effect of GCW on the expression of FSH-receptors in the restoration of reproductive indices in hyperprolactin rats.</p> <p><strong>Material and Methods</strong>: Forty adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into four experimental study groups (A, B, C and D) of 10 rats each. The animals in group A received distilled water only. Group B, the positive control received GCW only, group C is the induction group and the animals received 5 mg/Kg B.W. metoclopramide. Group D is the post-treatment group and animals were treated with GCW following the experimental induction of hyperprolactinemia.</p> <p><strong>Result</strong>: The animals post-treated with GCW showed high expression level of FSH receptors at a molecular weight of 70 kDA that was comparable with the control and GCW-treated groups. However, low expression of the FSH receptors was seen in the induced group at a molecular weight of 10 kDA when compared with the control and GCW-treated groups. Additionally, there were comparable evaluations in the rate of pregnancy and number of foetuses in the animals post-treated with GCW and the control and GCW-treated groups. However the animals in the induced group recorded no pregnancy.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: This study's outcome clearly depicts that GCW is an effective potential natural agent in the reversal of infertility caused by hyperprolactinemia through the activation of FSH receptors.</p> Airat Adeola Bakare Daniel David Osiagwu Tunde Temidayo Elemoso Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 215 225 THE IMPACT OF ERGONOMICS ON LOWER BACK PAIN AMONG STUDENTS ENGAGED IN PROLONGED SITTING ACTIVITIES IN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA ENUGU CAMPUS https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4349 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Prolonged sitting among university students has been associated with musculoskeletal pain, particularly in the lower back. It is essential to understand the connection between study environment, ergonomic practices, and musculoskeletal pain in order to lessen its effect on student well-being.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain among undergraduates, explore the association between study environment and pain, and evaluate students' knowledge of ergonomic principles.</p> <p><strong>Material and Methods</strong>: A cross-sectional study design was employed. Data was collected from 100 students at the University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus using structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis, including correlation and hypothesis testing, was conducted to examine relationships between study environment factors and musculoskeletal pain at &lt;0.05 level of significance.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The study revealed a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, particularly in the shoulders, upper back, lower back, and knees. Significant correlations were found between pain and factors such as prolonged sitting time, break frequency, and experiencing physical discomfort. However, students exhibited limited knowledge of ergonomic principles.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Prolonged sitting is associated with musculoskeletal pain, particularly in the lower back, among university students. Ergonomic interventions, such as providing ergonomic furniture and promoting breaks, may alleviate pain.</p> Canice Chukwudi Anyachukwu Precious Chisom Chilaka Confidence Chinemerem Amarah Jovita Ada Daniel Goodness Chibuike Ezeaguba Enyeribe Chukwuka Ajare Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 226 235 FACTORS AFFECTING EXERCISE SELF-EFFICACY AND TEMPTATION TO NOT EXERCISE AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING ADULTS WITH HYPERTENSION IN NNEWI NORTH, ANAMBRA, NIGERIA https://journals.unizik.edu.ng/jbi/article/view/4351 <p><strong>Background</strong>: Despite the well-documented benefits of Physical Activity (PA) in the control of hypertension (HTN), low levels of PA are still prevalent among adults with HTN.</p> <p><strong>Aim</strong>: This study aimed to determine PA level, self-efficacy, temptation not to engage in PA, and its associated factors among community-dwelling adults living with HTN in Nnewi.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: The Cardiovascular and anthropometric indices of the 199 participants who were recruited consecutively were obtained, while the PA self-efficacy and temptation scales were used to assess self-efficacy and temptation levels. Data obtained was analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPPS) version 24 with alpha set at 0.05.</p> <p><strong>Result</strong>: The results revealed a low self-efficacy for PA and high temptation not to engage. A significant negative correlation was observed between self-efficacy and temptation among the participants (r=0.336, p&lt;0.001). Stress was the most implicated factor influencing both self-efficacy and temptation. Females reported higher temptation and lower PA self-efficacy (mean rank =110.87, p=0.006, 90.19; p=0.014 respectively). The study also found a significant influence of occupation on temptation to not exercise, with cooks/chefs reporting the highest mean temptation rank (p = 0.049).</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong>: There is a low exercise self-efficacy and a high temptation to not exercise among this population which were influenced by several factors such as occupation, educational level, waist hip ratio, blood pressure and Body mass index. Awareness should be targeted at improving these individuals’ confidence in performing PA.</p> Ifeoma Adaigwe Amaechi Agnes Uzoamaka Nwoko Sochima Johnmark Obiekwe Chinedum Emmanuel Amaechi Ifeoma Rita Val-Eze Enuma Nkechinyelu Asogwo Fatai Adesina Maruf Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Biomedical Investigation https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2024-09-16 2024-09-16 12 2 236 258