Journal of Current Biomedical Research (JCBR), a peer-reviewed, open access journal published every two months with six issues in a year. It is a biomedical publication, which provides both African and international biomedical researchers with an open forum to disseminate important new information about biomedical research. JCBR covers the developments in multidisciplinary areas of biology and biomedicine. The journal encourages the submission of research letters, presenting preliminary research that stimulates further investigation of potentially relevant findings as well as studies with negative findings. JCBR publishes original research articles, review articles, case reports, and letter to the Editor. ISSN: 2659-0352
All articles in JCBR are published under CC BY 4.0. Authors retain copyright of their articles. The Journal of Current Biomedical Research (JCBR) publishes all articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes are indicated. The Version of Record should be cited with its DOI. License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Isoform-specific modulation of transforming growth factor-βs by Musa cavendishii peel extracts attenuates hypertrophic scar formation in a rabbit ear model
Hypertrophic scarring results from dysregulated wound healing characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, persistent fibroblast activation, and sustained profibrotic signaling. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms play distinct roles in this process with TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 promote fibrosis, whereas TGF-β3 is associated in regenerative remodeling. Imbalance among these isoforms contributes to abnormal scar maturation. This study evaluated the effects of Musa cavendishii peel extracts on hypertrophic scar formation, focusing on isoform-specific TGF-β modulation. Hypertrophic scars were induced in rabbits using the ear excision model. Peel extracts prepared with hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous solvents were applied topically at doses of 375, 750, and 1500 mg/kg under preventive (35-day) and curative (63-day) protocols. Triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/kg) served as the standard control. Scar tissues were analyzed for TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 levels using ELISA, and isoform ratios were calculated to assess profibrotic balance supported with histological findings. Extract treatment produced dose- and time-dependent suppression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2. At 35 days, significant reductions were observed primarily at 1500 mg/kg, while both 750 and 1500 mg/kg were effective after 63 days. High-dose treatment achieved cytokine levels comparable to triamcinolone acetonide. Additionally, extract administration reduced TGF-β1/TGF-β3 and TGF-β2/TGF-β3 ratios, indicating restoration of isoform balance. These findings demonstrate that Musa cavendishii peel extracts attenuate hypertrophic scarring through coordinated modulation of TGF-β signaling, supporting their potential as a complementary topical antifibrotic therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Azeez Raji Sheidu, Prof. Bilkisu Bello Maiha, Prof. Mohammed Garba Magaji, Dr. Tijani Rabiu Giaze, Dr. Saidi Odoma, Prof. Ahmed Adebowale Adedeji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
In silico validation of anti-inflammatory activities of compounds isolated from Avena sativa (Oat Meal) extract
Oat (Avena sativa) Fam. Poaceae is a cereal originally used as animal feed but now serves as a functional food, as a result of its robust nutritional content such as carbohydrate, protein, lipids, fibres and reported therapeutic uses including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. This study is aimed at a systematic molecular docking evaluation of fifteen (15) phytocompounds derived from Oat meal against the active site of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which is a well-known enzyme implicated in inflammatory responses and a key target in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) development. This procedure has the core objective of predicting the binding affinity and assess the binding mode stability of each ligand in complex with COX-2, with the aim of identifying novel or optimized scaffolds for selective COX-2 inhibitor. The physicochemical properties of the studied compounds were determined to further assess their drug likeness and pharmacokinetic feasibility of the tested compounds with key indicators of logP, aqueous solubility, (logS), molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donor (HBD), hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), rotatable bonds (b-rotN) and polar surface area (ASA-P). This study employs the technique of molecular docking simulation using the 10-crystalized ligand of COX-2, S58 a well characterized selective COX-2 inhibitor with the validation done using the molecular operating environment (MOE) software suite. The result shows that 3 compounds; Decanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- (-4.39±0.33 kcal/mol), Propan-2-ol, 1-(2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexy (-16.21±0.04 kcal/mol), 2-Octylcyclopropene-1-heptanol (-10.46±0.03 kcal/mol) show good promise as potential drug candidate compared to Celecoxib (-11.48±0.03) with Propan-2-ol, 1-(2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexy having the most favourable docking score among drug like compounds and zero Lipinski’s violation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunday Onyeloni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimized low-cost isolation of α-amyrin acetate from Alstonia boonei: toward scalable production of a bioactive triterpenoid.
Alpha amyrin acetate is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with well-documented pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, and anticancer potentials. However, low yields and laborious purification steps from natural sources have limited its availability for advanced pharmacological studies. This study aimed to develop a simple, cost-effective, and efficient procedure by optimizing the isolation of α-amyrin acetate from Alstonia boonei stem bark with high yield and purity. Pulverized stem bark was extracted by maceration in absolute methanol and in methanol–dichloromethane (1:1) for 2–7 days. Extracts were filtered, and crude triterpenoids were precipitated via slow solvent evaporation. The crude precipitates were purified using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) on silica gel with graded hexane–ethyl acetate solvent systems. The fractions were monitored by TLC. Methanol extracts yielded between 3.48–6.46% crude triterpenoids, with optimum yield from day 5. Methanol–dichloromethane extracts gave higher crude yields (6.46–8.16%), peaking at day 7. However, VLC purification revealed that methanol extracts produced significantly higher yields of pure α-amyrin acetate, with the highest recovery (26.52% of crude triterpenoid) while the mixed solvent system yielded a maximum of 10.29%. Maceration in methanol for six days followed by precipitation and VLC purification provides a simple, low-cost, and efficient method for isolating α-amyrin acetate from A. boonei. The optimized protocol reduces the number of purification steps, improves selectivity, and enables the recovery of sufficient quantities for pharmacological and toxicological studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nkeoma Nkasi Okoye, Pius Okwuchukwu Akpamgbo, Onyinyechi Vera Madubuike, Chinwendu Stephanie Arinze, Chigozie Celestina Ezeagha, Festus Basden Chiedu Okoye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular surveillance and detection of SARS-CoV-2, polio, and non-polio enteroviruses in wastewater samples from Enugu and Ebonyi States
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a critical tool for monitoring the community-level spread of viral pathogens, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study employed molecular surveillance to detect SARS-CoV-2, poliovirus, and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) in wastewater samples from Nsukka, Enugu, and Abakaliki metropolises. A total of 148 wastewater samples were collected between November 2023 and April 2024 from open drainages and a sewage treatment plant across nine sites in both states. Samples were concentrated using polyethylene glycol precipitation. For poliovirus and NPEVs, concentrated samples were inoculated into L20B and RD cell lines for viral culture and observed for cytopathic effects (CPE) following the World Health Organization (WHO) environmental surveillance algorithm. Reverse transcription real-time PCR (rRT-PCR) was employed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Pan-enterovirus rRT-PCR for enteroviruses, and poliovirus-specific rRT-PCR for differentiation of polioviruses. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 11 (7.4%) of the total samples, all of which originated from the University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) sewage plant in Enugu State, indicating an 18.3% positivity rate in that location. NPEVs was detected in 9 (6.1%) samples, also exclusively from the UNN site. No poliovirus (VDPV2 or nOPV2) was detected in any sample, and all samples from Ebonyi State and open drainage systems were negative for all targeted viruses. These findings underscore the value of WBE as a complementary surveillance tool to strengthen Nigeria’s public health response to emerging and re-emerging viral infections.
Copyright (c) 2025 George Chukwuma, Nelson Oruche, Ikenna Anagboso, Chika Okonkwo, Anthony Ufearoh, Kenneth Ngwoke, Festus Okoye, Nneka Agbakoba, Chioma Obi, Nnamdi Ohiri, Charles Esimone https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acetate attenuates lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar rats
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which contribute to lipid peroxidation. Although previous studies have shown a link between lipid peroxidation and diabetes, the potential therapeutic role of acetate remains unclear. This study examined the effects of sodium acetate on lipid peroxidation, glucose homeostasis, and oxidative stress in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 5). Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.), and rats with blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL after 72 hours were considered diabetic. The groups included control, diabetic untreated, acetate-treated (200 mg/kg, p.o.), metformin-treated (100 mg/kg, p.o.), diabetic + acetate, and diabetic + metformin. Treatments were administered daily for 21 days. Fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers (MDA, FFA, GSH, GPx) were analyzed using standard biochemical assays. Sodium acetate treatment significantly reduced elevated fasting glucose (≈ 35%), MDA (≈ 40%), and HOMA-IR values compared with diabetic controls (p < 0.05). Also, sodium acetate significantly improved lipid profile and antioxidant enzyme levels (MDA, FFA, GSH and GPx). These findings suggest that sodium acetate may augment the effects of standard anti-diabetic drugs by attenuating lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Dangana, Ekpe C.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of antioxidant enzymes and micronutrients in mitigating HIV-associated oxidative stress in Sub-Saharan African populations
HIV/AIDS poses a major public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, a region disproportionately affected by both chronic infections and malnutrition. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has markedly improved survival and viral suppression, emerging evidence highlights the persistent role of oxidative stress in immune dysfunction, disease progression, and comorbidity development in people living with HIV. This review examines the mechanisms of HIV-associated oxidative stress and evaluates the role of antioxidant enzymes and micronutrients in its modulation. It further explores the prevalence and causes of regional micronutrient deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa and synthesizes findings from intervention studies to guide evidence-based nutrition and policy strategies in HIV care. The review reveals that HIV and ART disrupt antioxidant systems while also depleting essential micronutrients due to poor dietary diversity, soil nutrient depletion, and socioeconomic constraints. Evidence from multiple clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond demonstrates that targeted micronutrient supplementation can enhance antioxidant capacity, improve CD4+ counts, reduce opportunistic infections, and support ART efficacy, particularly in nutrient-deficient individuals. Mitigating HIV-associated oxidative stress through antioxidant and micronutrient support offers a critical but underutilized strategy in HIV care. Integrating nutritional screening, targeted supplementation, and food fortification into HIV management frameworks could substantially improve immune recovery and long-term well-being among people living with HIV.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mrs. Adaobi Helen Oli, Prof Hugh Clifford Chima Maduka, Prof Ignatius Chukwudi Maduka, Dr. Monday Uchenna Obaji, Pharm Emmanuel Chinedum Otakagu, Prof Angus Nnamdi Oli https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Toxicity profile of the aqueous methanol stem bark extract of Erythrina senegalensis DC. (Fabaceae) in rodents
Erythrina senegalensis DC. (Fabaceae) is widely used in African traditional medicine, particularly the stem bark, which is employed in treating ailments such as malaria, jaundice, gastrointestinal disorders, and inflammation. Its extensive folkloric use underscores the need for rigorous toxicological validation. This study evaluated the acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity of the crude aqueous methanol extract of the stem bark (CAMEES) in Wistar rats. Acute toxicity was assessed using Lorke’s method, while sub-chronic toxicity followed the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guideline 407. In the 28-day sub-chronic study, fifty-six rats (28 males and 28 females) were divided into four groups (n = 7/sex/group) and administered 0 (control), 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day of CAMEES orally. Parameters evaluated included body weight, food intake, haematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight, and histopathology. No mortality or observable clinical toxicity was recorded in the acute phase, and the oral LD₅₀ was estimated to exceed 5000 mg/kg. Sub-chronic administration did not cause significant alterations in body weight or food consumption. However, significant increases in serum glucose (8.4 ± 0.9 vs. 7.2 ± 1.8 mmol/L; P = 0.043), total cholesterol (385.6 ± 68.2 vs. 305.1 ± 6.2 mmol/L; P = 0.039), and albumin (4.9 ± 0.2 vs. 3.7 ± 0.4 g/L; P = 0.046) were observed at specific doses. Mild sex-related variations in lymphocyte and platelet counts were also noted (P < 0.05). Histological examination revealed no lesions in major organs. Overall, CAMEES exhibited a favorable safety profile, supporting its continued investigation for therapeutic applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mathias S.N., Alkali I.Y., Ugwah-Oguejiofor C.J., Mshelia HE, Biambo A.A., Mansur L., Ahmed A.H. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Modulation of purine metabolism and uric acid level by gut microbiota product, Acetate; in Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar rats
Sodium acetate is a gut microbiota product which has shown potential metabolic benefits on several disease models. Several studies have revealed that gut microbiota products enhance insulin sensitivity, improve glucose uptake and suppress cardiometabolic alterations in Diabetes Mellitus (DM). However, acetate influence on purine metabolism in DM has not been fully explored. The aim this study was to investigate the effect of acetate on blood glucose level, insulin sensitivity, purine metabolism and uric acid level in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. A total of thirty (30) male Wistar rats of about 8-10 weeks weighting between 140g-220g were used for the study. Group 1: control. Group 2: Diabetic (untreated). Group 3: sodium acetate (200 mg/kg orally). Group 4: Metformin group (100 mg/kg orally). Group 5: Diabetic with sodium acetate (200 mg/kg). Group 6: Diabetic + metformin (100 mg/kg). All groups were treated for 21 days (n= 5/group). The findings from this study showed that sodium acetate enhanced insulin sensitivity, xanthine oxidase/adenosine deaminase activities and uric acid level (p< 0.05) in comparison to the diabetic control rats. The results of this study suggest the beneficial effect of acetate by modulating purine metabolism via adenosine deaminase/xanthine oxidase and uric acid pathway in diabetes mellitus.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Dangana https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Ten-year review of feto-maternal outcomes of anaemia in pregnancy at a tertiary health facility in Southern Nigeria
Anaemia in pregnancy remains a major global reproductive health concern, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence, severity, and feto-maternal outcomes of pregnancy-related anaemia at Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from 2012 to 2021. Records of pregnant women with anaemia (Hb <11 g/dL or PCV <33%) and complete outcome data were analyzed. Women with chronic medical/haematological conditions, or incomplete records were excluded. Data were extracted using structured forms and analyzed with SPSS v25. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact (where appropriate) tests were applied, with bivariate analysis to test associations between anaemia severity and outcomes. Out of 2,506 deliveries, 393 (15.7%) were anaemic. Of these, 326 cases with complete records were included. Most women were aged 31–40 years (42.9%), unbooked (58.6%), and had mild anaemia (63.5%). Severe anaemia (4.9%) was significantly associated with caesarean delivery (87.5%), blood transfusion (100%), postpartum haemorrhage (31.3%), sepsis (43.8%), prolonged stay in hospital (43.8%), and maternal mortality (31.3%) (p < 0.001). While severe anaemia was linked to low birth weight (37.5%) and macrosomia (31.3%), adverse fetal outcomes were more common in mild cases but not statistically significant. Haematinics were administered in 83.7% and blood transfusions in 16.3%. Anaemia in pregnancy remains prevalent at DELSUTH. Severity is associated with poor maternal outcomes, highlighting the importance of early detection, improved antenatal access, and specialized institutional responses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Henry Odeyovwi Edehwosa, Innocent Okoacha, Osamudia Okhionkpamwonyi, Edward Aimiehinor Akhator, Patrick Okonta https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Effectiveness of an educational dietary intervention among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary hospital, South-West Nigeria: A quasi-experimental study.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and dietary modification is a major cornerstone in its management. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an educational dietary intervention in patients with T2DM in a tertiary hospital in Lagos State, Nigeria. A quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital between November 2023 and February 2024. Patients were split into intervention and control groups. A brochure on healthy dietary habits and a modifiable dietary timetable was developed and deployed to patients in collaboration with a nutritionist. Patients’ knowledge of T2DM and dietary behaviors was evaluated using structured pre- and post-questionnaires adapted from a validated questionnaire. Eighty-four T2DM patients were enrolled, comprising 50 (59.5%) females and 34 (40.5%) males. Most patients were >60 years and had a family history of T2DM (56%). However, these differences were insignificant between the two groups. Responses to study questions were significant in the pre-and post-groups. After intervention, patient’s dietary knowledge significantly increased compared to the control group (8.74±0.49 vs 6.02±1.55, respectively; F=28.92; p<0.001). Using principal component analysis, the primary factors influencing patients’ dietary habits were monthly income (0.768), availability (0.649), and taste of food (0.587). Additionally, 83% of patients in the intervention group stated that the dietary timetable was practical, feasible, and worth exploring. Patient knowledge of dietary modification in T2DM significantly improved after the intervention, and study findings demonstrate the usefulness of educational resources in improving understanding of T2DM management.
Copyright (c) 2025 FA Ayeni, OD Samuel, TO Fapojuwo https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Molecular analysis of gamma irradiated rice cultivar FARO 44 for submergence tolerance using RAPD markers
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an essential crop supporting over 60% of the global population, with rainfed lowland and deepwater ecosystems accounting for approximately 33% of global rice cultivation. However, submergence stress caused by seasonal flooding - exacerbated by climate change - significantly threatens rice productivity. This research sought to develop variability in submergence tolerance in FARO 44, a popular Nigerian rice variety, using gamma irradiation. The seeds were given gamma rays at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 Gy and submerged entirely for five days at the 21-day seedling level. Plant height and survival rate were some of the measured agro-morphological traits. The highest survival rate (93.75%) was observed at both 150 Gy and 200 Gy doses. To evaluate the genetic diversity within these lines of irradiated rice, molecular characterization was conducted with six primers of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The results suggest that 150 Gy and 200 Gy doses had marked increases in survival rates, which indicated improved tolerance. Analysis of the polymorphism showed significant results in the RAPD analysis, where primer B04 had the most considerable polymorphic information content of 0.82 and genetic diversity of 0.84, indicating genetic differentiation and effective change induction. These results confirm that generating rice genotypes tolerant to submergence using gamma irradiation is feasible, while the genetic diversity caused by irradiation can easily be monitored using RAPD markers.
Copyright (c) 2025 JIYA MOHAMMED https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
The hepatitis B virus: Attitude, perception and willingness to undergo vaccination among undergraduates in health-related courses in a tertiary institution, Lagos, Nigeria
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), an infectious disease of global significance, causes a significant health burden particularly in Africa. Medical and paramedical undergraduates are at increased risk of HBV exposure due to their academic and clinical responsibilities. Attitudes, perceptions and willingness to receive vaccination are determinants of protection and disease transmission. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and paramedical undergraduates using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data collected included socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and perception of HBV, attitudes toward vaccination, and willingness to receive HBV vaccine. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Level of statistical significance was set at p value <0.05. Of 277 consecutively recruited respondents, 18.8%, 24.5% and 13.7% were medical, medical laboratory science and nursing students respectively while 43.0% were pharmacy students. A total of 62.5% of the respondents strongly agreed that Hepatitis B poses a significant occupational hazard for medical and paramedical students, and 64.6% showed a positive attitude towards Hepatitis B and vaccination. More than three-quarters, 78.7% expressed their willingness to be vaccinated. Of these, 72.9% were very likely to recommend it to their peers. Positive attitude and willingness to be vaccinated was significantly associated with gender (p=0.001 & 0.030) and faculty of study (p=0.016 & < 0.001) respectively. The study demonstrated positive attitudes towards both Hepatitis B and vaccination among respondents. Willingness to vaccinate appears promising but hindered by logistic and financial constraints. Targeted health education, discounted vaccination programs, and curriculum integration are recommended to promote vaccine uptake among undergraduates in Nigerian universities.
Copyright (c) 2025 FA AYENI, PU Ogbo, AO AJILARAN, OF AKINBO https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Nature’s Drugs Repositories: Myxobacteria and Actinomycetes as sources of novel antiviral agents against respiratory viruses - Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial virus and Influenza virus
The respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the influenza viruses (IV) and the coronaviruses (CoVs) have contributed remarkably to the global mortality profile, with a member of the coronavirus family, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infecting over 8 million individuals globally. Emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has set the course for research into the discovery and development of antiviral agents against these respiratory viruses. Several sources of antiviral therapy ranging from synthetic compounds, biomolecules and natural agents from plants, animals and humans are currently being considered, explored and tested for effective and efficient health therapy. In this review, we call attention to the discovery, development and deployment of bioactive agents from microbial sources, especially those from the Myxobacteria (MXB) and Actinomycetes (ATC) families. MXB and ATC are classes of bacteria microorganisms that largely specialize in producing bioactive substances. An appreciable variety of bioactive compounds sourced from these interesting microbes have been licensed and shown to demonstrate some remarkable biological activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, tumors, among others. There are yet untapped bioactive metabolites that reside in these microbes that possess potential for antiviral activity against these respiratory viruses. Herein we discuss some of them with the aim to guide fellow researchers into novel routes for discovery and development of antiviral agents against these respiratory viruses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu, Damian Chukwu Odimegwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Willingness-to-pay for home delivery of antiretrovirals: A cross-sectional contingent valuation study in Southern Nigeria
Home delivery enhances access to antiretrovirals through differentiated care. This study aimed to assess the willingness-to-pay for home delivery of antiretrovirals by people living with HIV in the southern part of Nigeria using a contingent valuation method. The study is a cross-sectional study and it was conducted in the HIV centers in three federal teaching hospitals located in three regions of the geopolitical zones in the southern part of Nigeria. The study was carried out from April 2022 to March 2023. A total of 945 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to HIV clients, and the willingness to pay was investigated using a contingent valuation technique. The predictors for the willingness-to-pay were explored using multiple logistic regressions. Majority (70%) of the respondents were not willing to pay for the delivery of their antiretrovirals to their homes. Out of those willing to pay, only one-third of them were willing to pay a monthly stipend of $1.3 ± 0.4 for the drug delivery. Furthermore, this study found that respondents employed in the private sector are more willing to pay for the delivery of antiretrovirals to their homes, with an odds ratio of 3.2, a 95% confidence interval of (1.43-7.00), and a p-value of 0.004.The study found that most persons living with HIV in the southern part of Nigeria are unwilling to pay for home delivery of their antiretrovirals, despite receiving free antiretrovirals from healthcare facilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Nnenna Ajagu https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Formulation and evaluation of fingerprint powder to aid forensic investigation in a depressed economy
This study was designed to produce an effective, locally produced fingerprint powder for identifying latent prints on various surfaces. Fingerprint identification uses the impressions of unique ridge patterns on the fingertip, visualized through powder application [1, 2]. Three research questions were used to guide the study on how the particle size and retention ability affect the visualization of the powder. The objective is to evaluate a crime scene effectively using locally-produced fingerprint powder. Our materials and methods combine comparison analysis, sieve analysis (#100 mesh, #150mesh (μm), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy using florescent, lycopodium-based powder. Equipment includes: thermal /electric driers (oven), ultraviolet scanning devices, and Optical and Electronic Microscopes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), was used to determine the molecular structure and group of the element used; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) determined the particle arrangement, others are X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for crystal structures, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) for elemental composition. Results proved that finer powder particles adhere better to surfaces, while IR spectroscopy enables rapid powder constituent detection. The study demonstrates the importance of particle size and color for optimal latent print visualization on diverse surfaces [3]. Production of local powder will reduce the crime rate in our society, and lower the cost of crime investigation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. AGBOM Desmond N., Dr. Ofomata Chijioke Maxwell, Dr. Chukwudum Chiemeka Prince https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Antidepressant, antianxiolytic and antiepileptic effects of Mojeaga herbal remedy®in albino miceRaymond
The Mojeaga herbal remedy is made up of several herbs, including Alchornea laxiflora, Pennisetum purpureum, and Sorghum bicolour. It is primarily used to treat anaemia, boost immune system function, and provide antioxidant effects. The aim of this work is to investigate the antidepressant, anti-epileptic, and anxiolytic effects of the Mojeaga herbal remedy®. The forced swim test and the tail suspension test in mice were employed to examine the antidepressant effect. Pentylenetetrazol and strychnine-induced seizure models were used to assess the anti-epileptic activity, while the elevated plus maze was used to evaluate anxiolytic activity. Mojeaga extract at 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility time when compared to the control (P < 0.05) in the forced swim and the tail suspension tests. In the elevated plus maze, diazepam (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the time spent in the open arm, the number of open arm entries, and the percentage of open arm entries when compared to control (P < 0.01). At doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, the herbal remedy® did not significantly protect against strychnine- or pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Diazepam (10 mg/kg) provided 25% protection against strychnine-induced convulsions and 50% protection against seizures caused by pentylenetetrazol. The study suggests that the herbal remedy Mojeaga has antidepressant-like properties, but it lacks anxiolytic and antiepileptic properties.
Copyright (c) 2025 DICKSON UWAYA https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Molecular detection of AmpC-beta lactamase CITM gene in gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.
In most developing countries, the β-lactam antibiotics are still the most predominantly prescribed antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is typical of multidrug resistance (MDRs), being mainly due to the production of AmpC-type β-lactamases. The aim of the study was to detect blaCITM gene in Gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens in a tertiary hospital. A total of 220 Gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens were involved in the study. The primary screening of the AmpC enzyme-producing strains was conducted by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates that yielded a zone diameter ≤18 mm (screen positive) to cefoxitin sensitivity disc were further subjected to confirmatory tests using the AmpC disc test technique. Genomic DNA was extracted using Quick-DNATM Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit; Zymo Research). Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis was carried out in order to detect the presence of blaCITM. Out of 220 isolates, 45 (20.5%) were found to be resistant to cefoxitin (Screening test for AmpC β-lactamase) of which 10 (4.5%) were positive for AmpC β-lactamase (confirmatory positive by AmpC Disk Test). However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that none of the isolates harboured the blaCITM gene. The results from this study implied that not all cefoxitin resistant isolates are AmpC β-lactamase producers. The absence of blaCITM gene may be as a result of other enzymatic mechanism such as extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) or because of the non-enzymatic mechanism such as porin channel mutation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. Ikenna M. Anagboso, Professor Comfort N. Akujobi, Mr. Ikenna M. Akuakolam, Dr. Iloduba N. Aghanya, Mrs Ngozi O. Chukwunwe, Mr. Chika O. Ezeador, Professor Solomon N. Ukibe, Dr. Ngozi G. Uzoewulu https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Phytochemical compounds with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition activity – A review
HIV/AIDS is a global public health issue, exacerbated by the inaccessibility of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in some regions. In such settings, herbal therapy can serve as affordable and effective alternative treatment option. Numerous scientific studies have affirmed the inhibitory effects of medicinal plants on several targets in the HIV life cycle, including the HIV type-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) enzyme. To obtain relevant information on the HIV-1 RT inhibition profiles of these medicinal plants, we conducted a literature search for peer-reviewed papers in various scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar on bioactive compounds with HIV-1 RT inhibition. We found 60 different plant species distributed across 24 families and reported their respective geographical distribution, specific parts used, bioactive compounds and HIV-1 RT inhibitory profiles. The family Lamiaceae has the highest number of plants (n=10, 16.7%) with HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity. The classes flavonoids, terpenoids and polyphenolic compounds were found to have the highest number of HIV-1 RT inhibition activity. Herbal therapy is an indispensable treatment option for HIV/AIDS, particularly in many low- and middle-income countries and other resource-constrained settings with limited access to cART.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suleiman Danladi, Adeniyi Ayinde Abdulwahab, Zainab Iman Sani, Nazifi Auwalu Abubakar https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Comparative phytochemical and antioxidant studies of the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the methanol extracts of the stem bark of Allophylus africanus
This research is aimed at comparing the phytoconstituents and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the stem bark of Allophylus africanus Beauv. for development into possible phytopharmaceuticals. About 500 g dry weight of the stem bark sample was macerated for a total of 48 h using 5 L methanol to obtain the methanol extract. The extract was fractionated into hexane and ethyl acetate and each fraction monitored using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The extract and fractions were also subjected to phytochemical screening. Using the DPPH radical scavenging model, the antioxidant studies of the extract and fractions were carried out at concentrations between 1 mg and 0.00625 mg/mL. Alkaloids, carbohydrates and terpenoids were found present in all three samples while anthraquinone, tannins, phenols and steroids were not detected in all three samples of the stem bark. The crude methanol extracts and the hexane fractions of the stem bark of Allophylus africanus showed no antioxidant activity when compared to Vitamin C using the DPPH free radical scavenging activity model. However, at concentrations between 1 mg/mL and 0.0625 mg/mL a significant and dose-dependent antioxidant activity was observed with the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark. The enrichment of the ethyl acetate fraction with alkaloids, terpenoids and saponins, which possess anti-oxidant activity may be a plausible explanation for the observed anti-oxidant activity. The ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark can thus be further investigated as a possible antioxidant phytopharmaceutical for the management of oxidative stress.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nkeoma Nkasi Okoye, Joy Nwando Nwokoye, Chidimma Malinda Muobike, Francesca Ogechukwu Ojoko, Deborah Amarachi Emmanuel, Faithful Oluchukwu Uche https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Innovative approaches in pneumococcal vaccine development: Harnessing natural compounds and advanced delivery systems
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of upper respiratory diseases worldwide, particularly in vulnerable populations such as young children, the aged, and immunosuppressed individuals. Although current pneumococcal vaccines have significantly reduced the global disease burden, limitations such as serotype replacement, variable immunogenicity, and accessibility challenges highlight the need for innovative approaches. This review explores strategies in pneumococcal vaccine development, the potential of protein-based vaccines that target conserved antigens, and recombinant technologies such as reverse vaccinology. The role of natural compounds, including bioactive molecules from Pleurotus ostreatus and saponin-based adjuvants, is discussed for their immunomodulatory properties. Advanced delivery systems like ISCOMATRIX and nanoparticle-based platforms are presented as solutions for enhancing mucosal and systemic immunity. This review further highlights the importance of integrating emerging technologies to ensure global accessibility. These innovations hold promise for developing universal and adaptable pneumococcal vaccines that are both effective and affordable for diverse populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monday Uchenna Obaji, Akunna Perpetua Emeruwa, Dr. Angus Nnamdi Oli, Dr. Malachy Chigozie Ugwu https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Ethanol whole plant extract of Ochna afzelii Theales (Ochnaceae) ameliorates anaphylactic inflammation in wistar rats
Research has shown that Ochna afzelii commonly known as African Plane or African Ochna or Afzel’s ochna is a rich source of complex flavonoids which are known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to investigate the immune-mediated anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol whole plant extract of O. afzelii in rats. The immune-mediated anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using egg albumin-induced active paw anaphylaxis model in rats; and histamine-induced paw edema model in Wistar rats For each of the models, thirty (30) Wistar rats weighing 150 ‐ 200 g were divided into five groups containing six (6) rats each and were orally administered with single doses of the following treatments: a negative control group (distilled water, 10 ml/kg), a positive control group (dexamethasone, 0.27 mg/kg), and three test groups receiving 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of ethanol whole plant extract of Ochna afzelii respectively. The extract at the dose of 250mg/kg significantly (p˂0.05) inhibited paw inflammation at 2 hrs post antigen exposure compared to1 hr post antigen exposure of the same 250mg/kg group (within group comparison). The extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg also significantly (p˂0.05) reduced paw edema induced by histamine, with the 1000 mg/kg dose showing effects comparable to dexamethasone. Ethanol whole plant extract of O. afzelii possess immune mediated anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats and this justifies the traditional use of the plant in management of anaphylactic disorders.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim Mu'azzamu Aliyu https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Assessing the influence of oils on the level of parasitemia following infection with Plasmodium berghei in a murine model
In some cultures, the consumption of oils is thought to predispose one to malaria attack. Therefore, this study sought to investigate this belief by examining the effects of some commonly consumed oils on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The oils were extracted from their respective food sources using cold maceration method and their physicochemical properties were determined using instrumental methods. Next, a survey of the consumption patterns of oily foods among 230 adults was conducted using a questionnaire. Subsequently, forty (40) albino mice were randomly divided into 8 groups of 5 animals each, with each group receiving either the human equivalent doses (HEDs) of one oil or double that (DHED) for two weeks before infection. The control groups received distilled water. Afterwards, each experimental animal was inoculated with 1 × 10^7 of chloroquine-sensitive P. berghei-infected packed red blood cells through intraperitoneal injection. The treatment was continued once daily for one week. Thin smears stained with Giemsa were prepared from tail blood samples collected on the 4th-day post-inoculation to monitor parasitemia levels. There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in parasitaemia in animals treated with the HEDs of groundnut oil, and both the HED and DHED of coconut oil while Scumbia fish oil caused a significant reduction in parasitaemia at DHED. Coconut oil and Scumbia fish oil may possess antimalarial activities, contrary to the belief that consuming all oils may predispose one to malaria attack.
Copyright (c) 2024 Prof Ifeanyi Nzekwe, Victory Chukwuebuka Okwudili, Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku, Jacintha Ukamaka Emeonyi, Anthonia Obiageli Okeke https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Preliminary study on isolation, purification and partial characterization of phospholipase A2 from a Nigerian Naja nigricolis venom
Phospholipase A2 in Naja species of snake is an enzyme involved in venom toxicity. It hydrolyzes phospholipids, affecting cell membranes. Understanding its properties can contribute to venom research, offering insights into potential medical applications or antivenom development. In this study, isolation and purification of phospholipase A2 from Nigerian Naja nigricolis venom was achieved with the use of SDS-PAGE, Resource-S-Cation-Exchange Chromatography and Reverse-phase HPLC. The crude venom was also assessed for PLA2 optimum pH and temperature. A successful isolation and purification was achieved with a notable yield of 768 µg. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 13 kDa and exhibits optimal activity at a pH of 8.0 and a temperature of 500C. This purification method proves effective in isolating the enzyme, offering potential applications in research and furthering our understanding of the Nigerian Naja nigricolis venom phospholipase A2. These findings provide valuable insights into the characteristics of Naja nigricolis phospholipase A2 for potential applications in venomics and antivenomics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yahaya Tijani, Muhammad Ibrahim Khala , Miriam Watafua, Afiniki Bitrus Mbya, Abubakar Shettima, Mohammed Abba Dige, Andrew Onu, Hassan Mohammed Khala , Bulama Burah, Tan Choo Hock, Hassan Zanna https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Hepato-renal function assessments in apparently healthy undergraduate students of Edo State University Uzairue: A Pilot study
The prevalence rates of chronic hepatic and renal diseases are increasing globally. Unhealthy lifestyle is a major contributor to the increasing prevalence rates. Due to the asymptomatic nature of these diseases at the early stages, diagnosis is not made early. Most studies have focused on study participants already diagnosed of these diseases; it is therefore imperative to carry out this study on apparently healthy undergraduate students who were predominantly adolescents with the view to identifying individuals at risk of these diseases. Fifty apparently healthy undergraduate students of Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, consisting of 24 males and 26 females were randomly recruited into this cross-sectional study. They were between 16 and 25 years old. Anthropometric indices of each study participants including body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were determined using standard procedures, while BMI was calculated. Blood and pulse pressures were also determined using automatic blood pressure monitor. Plasma obtained from 5 millilitres of fasting venous blood was used for the determination of creatinine, uric acid, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). These biochemical parameters were also determined in 5 millilitres of fasting spot urine sample obtained from each participant. Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for comparison and association of variables, respectively and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Body height and plasma creatinine of participants were significantly higher in males compared with the females, whereas urinary uric acid was significantly higher in females compared with the males. In females, there was a positive association between diastolic blood pressure and body weight. While in males, diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with hip circumference. The differences in the body height, plasma creatinine and plasma uric acid in the study participants appears physiological. The non-statistically significant differences in the other variables could be attributed to the apparently healthy state of the study participants
Copyright (c) 2024 Olulope Ajayi, Anthony Moses Ugbenyen, Lucky Osafanme Iserhienrhien, Oluwakemi Rita Akerele https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Prevalence, determinants, and information sources of self-medication among non-health workers in two tertiary institutions in Southwest Nigeria: A cross-sectional study
Self-medication practices pose a significant public health challenge. Understanding the factors that drive this behaviour, particularly among non-health workers' is crucial for interventions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication and identify the drivers and sources of information among non-health workers in two tertiary institutions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among consenting workers, using self-administered questionnaires to collect data on self-medication, types of medications, reasons, and sources of information. We summarised data using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 21. The level of statistical significance was set at <0.05. Of the 148 respondents, 62.8% engaged in self-medication. They used mainly analgesics (76.4%), antimalarials (72.3%), and antibiotics (58%) to self-medicate. More than half (70.9%) used herbal remedies they got from herb sellers. Common health conditions were body pain (65.5%), headache (62.8%), and malaria (59.5%). The primary reasons for self-medication were the perception of minor illness (71.6%), self-decision (49%), previous medication use (27%), and long waiting time in health facilities (26%). Most respondents (81%) reported getting information from pharmacists, relatives, and friends (70.9%). Factors associated with self-medicating with herbal remedies include having relatives as healthcare professionals (P=0.014) and ethnicity (P=0.001). Respondents having Diabetes or Hypertension are less likely to self-medicate. The prevalence of self-medication is high. The workers self-medicated majorly with prescription-only medicines (POMs), over-the-counter medicines (OTCs), and herbal remedies. The combination of these medicines could have implications for adverse effects. Family/friends serving as sources of information underscores the need for interventions to curb self-medication.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ebele Onwuchuluba, Florence Nkemehule , Vivian Chuka-Ebene, Sandra Ogochukwu , Morenikeji Saka https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Gum Arabic microencapsulated Spondia mombin particles induced delayed modulatory potential on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia
Spondia mombin stems are traditionally used for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This study examines the impact of microencapsulation on S. mombin’s anti-BPH properties, comparing the crude and encapsulated extracts. Microencapsulated particles of S. mombin (S-Mp) were prepared using acacia gum and characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), micromeritic analysis, and dissolution studies. The anti-BPH activity of S-Mp, blank particles (B-Mp), and crude extracts was evaluated in vivo by measuring prostate-specific antigen (PSA), serum testosterone, and prostate index (PI) in male rats. SEM analysis showed larger particle sizes in S-Mp (50–80 µm) compared to B-Mp (>50) which may indicate the addition of active drug in the blank microspheres or due to other cohesive forces affecting particle size distribution, drug agglomeration. EDX revealed the presence of oxygen, sodium, carbon, and sulfur in both S-Mp and B-Mp, with significant compositional differences. FTIR analysis identified additional peaks in S-Mp, suggesting interactions with acacia gum. Micromeritic analysis demonstrated improved flow properties for S-Mp, with an angle of repose of 27.9°, compressibility index of 6.06%, and Hausner’s ratio of 1.06, indicating better handling potential. Dissolution studies revealed that S-Mp had significantly higher absorbance values compared to B-Mp at all time points, indicating enhanced dissolution rates. The absorbance of S-Mp steadily increased from 0.9085 at 5 minutes to 1.2600 at 60 minutes, while B-Mp showed lower and relatively constant values throughout. In vivo, the crude extract demonstrated dose-dependent PSA reduction, peaking at 400 mg/kg, while S-Mp showed maximum reduction at 100 mg/kg, with diminished effects at higher doses. Encapsulation delayed release and reduced overall efficacy, as reflected in the dissolution data. Serum testosterone levels also decreased significantly upon encapsulation. S. mombin exhibits notable anti-BPH activity, but microencapsulation with acacia gum reduces efficacy due to delayed release, despite improved dissolution rates.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aiseosa Kingsley Igharo, Didacus Nnamani, Oluwasegun Adedokun, Ibrahim Kehinde https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Evaluation of the effect of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agent, and monoclonal antibody on the gastrointestinal tract in a rat model of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by gut pathology and impaired gut function. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and monoclonal antibody therapies on gut pathology in a rat model of acetic acid-induced UC. Fifty Adult Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups of ten rats each, the animals were allowed to acclimatize for a period of 2 weeks. The induction of the ulcerative colitis was done according to the method described by Al-Rejaie et al., (2013), after 24 hours fast, 2 ml of 4% acetic acid solution was administered transrectally using a (2.7 mm) soft pediatric catheter. After acetic acid administration, rats were holed horizontally for 2 min to prevent acetic acid leakage. Manifestation of Ulcerative Colitis was observed in the rats after 6 days of induction and treatment was carried out for a period of 42 days. Group A was the normal control. UC was induced with 2 ml of 4% acetic acid solution transrectally using soft pediatric catheter in Group B while, Group C and D received 40 mg/kg of Ciproflaxin and 100 mg/kg of Prednisolone respectively every 72 hours for forty-two days orally, and Group E received 5 mg/kg of infliximab for 2 weeks Intraperitoneally. At the end of 42 days, Total acidity, Gastric mucus concentration and pH were determined using standard method; MDA- Lipid Peroxidation was also determined in the stomach, pancreas, small and large intestine. The Histoarchitecture of the stomach, small and large intestine were studied. The UC-induced group showed significant changes in gut physiology and pathology, including decreased pH, increased total acidity, reduced mucin content, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased clinical symptoms. In contrast, all treatment groups showed significant improvements in gut physiology, contributing positively to ameliorating the symptoms and pathological features of ulcerative colitis with varying efficacy. Histological analysis revealed significant pathological changes in the UC-induced group, including thickened muscularis, degenerated mucosa, and compromised submucosa, which were improved in the anti-inflammatory-treated and monoclonal antibody-treated groups. The study effectively highlights the significant impacts of antibiotic, anti-inflammatory agent and monoclonal antibody in improving in gut physiology on various parameters associated with UC potentially through the regulation of gastrointestinal secretions, reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to UC severity, inhibition of oxidative stress, which can damage the gut barrier and exacerbate UC, increase in mucin content, which can protect the gut barrier and reduce UC severity, and modulation of the gut microbiome, which can influence UC severity. The findings indicate that while all the three interventions contribute positively to ameliorating the symptoms and pathological features of UC, their overall efficacy vary. This study provides insights into the efficacy of the different therapies on gut pathology in UC and may inform the development of novel treatments for this debilitating disease.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olusoji Oyesola, Oluwatosin Soyinka, Olaniyi Soetan, Eunice Oluwabunmi Ojo-Adebayo, Victoria Biola Edema, Oluwaseye Emmanuel Olayemi https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Physicochemical and microbiological assessment of drinking water samples collected from Lagos.
Poor drinking water quality affects people, the economy and the environment. Contaminated water is the primary cause of diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhoea and dysentery in Nigeria. These diseases cause death in individuals. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical parameters and the presence of coliforms in various sachet and bottled water sold in Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 23 processed water samples were used for this study which included 10 sachets of water, 11 bottles of water and 2 dispenser water sold among different vendors in Lagos. The pH, hardness, electrical conductivity, hardness, turbidity, colour, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chloride, magnesium and calcium level were analysed. The most probable number method was carried out and the 10-3 dilutions of the positive tubes were plated on Eosin Methylene Blue Agar and Mac Conkey Agar. A total of thirteen isolates were identified from the colonies, nine (9) from bottle water and four (4) from sachet water. The isolates were identified using the VITEK method. Among the microbes isolated from the water samples were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Escherichia coli. This shows the presence of faecal coliforms in some water samples. This study calls out the need for optimum hygienic practices in water production and packaging companies to eliminate contaminants in water and to ensure the water is properly treated to reduce the chemicals and particles present in sachet and bottled water sold in Lagos.
Copyright (c) 2024 Esther Ogunbanke, Egwuatu T.O.G, Ifeoluwa Ifemade https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Knowledge and awareness of lymphedema, its prevention and management among undergraduate students of faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Nnamdi Azikwe University Awka
Lymphedema is a set of pathologic conditions that are characterized by the regional accumulation of excessive amounts of interstitial protein-rich fluid. These occur due to an imbalance between the demand for lymphatic flow and the capacity of the lymphatic circulation. It is a deadly disease that currently has no cure, but a lot of measures can be put in place for its prevention. This study assessed the knowledge, awareness, prevention and management of lymphedema among the students of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu Campus. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the undergraduate Pharmacy students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu Campus using an adapted, validated questionnaire. The instrument accessed the knowledge of lymphedema, it’s prevention and management amongst the students of the Faculty. The data collected was analyzed using computer-aided Software Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 and descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the findings. Level of significance was set at p-value of <0.05. The number of students who participated was 254. Of the total, 154 (60.6%) were aware of lymphedema, and 133 (52.4%) didn’t know that lymphedema can occur in other parts of the body besides the limbs. Also, 152(59.8%) believe that lymphedema can be treated, 163(64.2%) think it can be prevented and 223(87.8%) didn’t know that lymphedema cannot be completely cured. This study showed that more than half of the participants were aware of lymphedema, but didn’t have a comprehensive knowledge of it.
Copyright (c) 2024 Vivian Chikendu, Maureen Anetoh https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
Seroprevalence and molecular identification of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) serotypes among HIV patients attending a selected public hospital in Kano, Nigeria
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a problem which causes liver disease worldwide and accounts for over 360 million cases of chronic hepatitis and more than one million deaths per year. HBV is a public health concern, especially among HIV-positive patients for its contribution to increasing the progression of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HBV infection and identify the HBV serotypes among HIV-positive individuals in a tertiary health care centre in Nigeria. Blood samples of One hundred seventy-eight (178) HIV-positive patients were screened for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Socio-demographic data and risk factors data for HBV infection were collected from the study population using structured questionnaires. Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for molecular identification of HBV using primers for all four major serotypes under study (ayw), (adw), (adr), and (ayr). The data was analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 version. Findings showed that out of the (178) samples only Eleven (11) samples were positive for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen with a prevalence of 6.2%. Out of the 11 positive samples, 4 samples were positive for ayw serotype and none for other serotypes using Multiplex PCR with a prevalence of just 2% and the remaining samples were negative for adw,adr and ayr after completing the gene identification test signifying the presence of other minor serotypes in the population. There was no presence of false positives All 11 positive samples come from the female population. Ages (31-40) have the highest positive Hep B of up to 60 %, of the positives (11). similarly, those with non-formal education have a higher prevalence. All the risk factors considered such as marital status, self-manicure, tattoo, smoking, alcohol intake, blood transfusion, sharing of cloth, intravenous drug use, sharing of utensils and tribal marks in the study were found not to be associated with the HBV infection. The study established a prevalence of 6.2% for HBV in the study area and also identified ayw as the most prevalent serotype of HBV detected. Due to the endemic nature of HBV infection among HIV patients that was found in this study, there is a need for preventive measures such as awareness and vaccination of HIV patients with the HBV vaccine to avoid the HIV/HBV co-infection burden. Serotypes adw, adr, and ayr
Copyright (c) 2024 muhammad Abdullahi https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1