Journal of Current Biomedical Research
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description: Journal of Current Biomedical Research (JCBR), a peer-reviewed, open access journal published every two months with six issues in a year. It is a biomedical publication, which provides both African and international biomedical researchers with an open forum to disseminate important new information about biomedical research. JCBR covers the developments in multidisciplinary areas of biology and biomedicine. The journal encourages the submission of research letters, presenting preliminary research that stimulates further investigation of potentially relevant findings as well as studies with negative findings. JCBR publishes original research articles, review articles, case reports, and letter to the Editor. ISSN: 2659-0352
publisher: Nnamdi Azikiwe University
language: en
publication name: Journal of Current Biomedical Research
issn: 2659-0352
copyright: All articles in JCBR are published under CC BY 4.0. Authors retain copyright of their articles. The Journal of Current Biomedical Research (JCBR) publishes all articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, provided appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes are indicated. The Version of Record should be cited with its DOI. License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
items: Dynamics of HIV treatment practices, trends, challenges and future prospects: A structured narrative review
items: Knowledge, acceptance, and use of human papillomavirus vaccines among undergraduate students of the faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
items: Correlating serum lipid profile with age-related cataract: A clinical perspective
items: Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection and typhoid fever among febrile patients presenting with gastroenteritis in Ahmadu Bello University Medical Centre, Zaria, Nigeria
items: Isoform-specific modulation of transforming growth factor-βs by Musa cavendishii peel extracts attenuates hypertrophic scar formation in a rabbit ear model
items: In silico validation of anti-inflammatory activities of compounds isolated from Avena sativa (Oat Meal) extract
items: Optimized low-cost isolation of α-amyrin acetate from Alstonia boonei: toward scalable production of a bioactive triterpenoid.
items: Molecular surveillance and detection of SARS-CoV-2, polio, and non-polio enteroviruses in wastewater samples from Enugu and Ebonyi States
items: Acetate attenuates lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar rats
items: The role of antioxidant enzymes and micronutrients in mitigating HIV-associated oxidative stress in Sub-Saharan African populations
items: Toxicity profile of the aqueous methanol stem bark extract of Erythrina senegalensis DC. (Fabaceae) in rodents
items: Modulation of purine metabolism and uric acid level by gut microbiota product, Acetate; in Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar rats
items: Ten-year review of feto-maternal outcomes of anaemia in pregnancy at a tertiary health facility in Southern Nigeria
items: Effectiveness of an educational dietary intervention among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary hospital, South-West Nigeria: A quasi-experimental study.
items: Molecular analysis of gamma irradiated rice cultivar FARO 44 for submergence tolerance using RAPD markers
items: The hepatitis B virus: Attitude, perception and willingness to undergo vaccination among undergraduates in health-related courses in a tertiary institution, Lagos, Nigeria
items: Nature’s Drugs Repositories: Myxobacteria and Actinomycetes as sources of novel antiviral agents against respiratory viruses - Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial virus and Influenza virus
items: Willingness-to-pay for home delivery of antiretrovirals: A cross-sectional contingent valuation study in Southern Nigeria
items: Formulation and evaluation of fingerprint powder to aid forensic investigation in a depressed economy
items: Antidepressant, antianxiolytic and antiepileptic effects of Mojeaga herbal remedy®in albino miceRaymond
items: Molecular detection of AmpC-beta lactamase CITM gene in gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.
items: Phytochemical compounds with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition activity – A review
items: Comparative phytochemical and antioxidant studies of the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the methanol extracts of the stem bark of Allophylus africanus
items: Innovative approaches in pneumococcal vaccine development: Harnessing natural compounds and advanced delivery systems
items: Ethanol whole plant extract of Ochna afzelii Theales (Ochnaceae) ameliorates anaphylactic inflammation in wistar rats
items: Assessing the influence of oils on the level of parasitemia following infection with Plasmodium berghei in a murine model
items: Preliminary study on isolation, purification and partial characterization of phospholipase A2 from a Nigerian Naja nigricolis venom
items: Hepato-renal function assessments in apparently healthy undergraduate students of Edo State University Uzairue: A Pilot study
items: Prevalence, determinants, and information sources of self-medication among non-health workers in two tertiary institutions in Southwest Nigeria: A cross-sectional study
items: Gum Arabic microencapsulated Spondia mombin particles induced delayed modulatory potential on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia

Dynamics of HIV treatment practices, trends, challenges and future prospects: A structured narrative review
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description: The global response to the scourge of HIV/AIDS has improved significantly over the decades, marked by developments in antiretroviral therapy (ART), advancements in treatment policies, and progress in battling the challenges associated with adherence and access to treatment. This study conducted a narrative review of the Dynamics of HIV/AIDS treatment practices, trends, challenges, and prospects. The study was a narrative review of literature. We searched for articles using three databases: PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar, from 2000 to January 2025. Studies without clearly defined period, duration, sample size, and location were discarded. International policies significantly impacted access to ARVs by influencing market dynamics, reducing costs, and enhancing access for low-income countries. There was a decline in HIV new infections in Europe, but there are still challenges with drug resistance and the management of co-infections. Non-adherence to ART is commonly associated with certain psychosocial factors such as depression, lack of social support, and stigma; these factors affect patient outcomes. Depression was a major predictor of ART non- adherence, requiring mental health interventions. Adequate mental support may improve treatment outcomes for HIV- positive patients. Non-adherence to ART, under-staffing, inadequate infrastructure, and poor access to medicines impact negatively on ART. Integrated efforts aimed at tackling HIV related psychosocial challenges such as stigma, mental health, and emerging threats like ART misuse and drug resistance are pivotal areas for future interventions. Long distances to healthcare facilities, systemic or administrative barriers, poor inter professional collaboration also affected patients' response to treatment. By strengthening patient-centered care and integrating mental health and substance abuse services into ART, it is possible to create a more equitable, better optimized, and effective treatment environment for PLH…
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creator: Brian O. Ogbonna
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Brian O. Ogbonna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 2343
ending page: 2355
doi: 10.54117/x3crzf68

Knowledge, acceptance, and use of human papillomavirus vaccines among undergraduate students of the faculty of pharmaceutical sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
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description: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract, and its infection is a global concern. More than half a million cancers and over 250,000 deaths are attributed annually to HPV infection. The knowledge, acceptance, and vaccine uptake will help reduce the transmission of HPV infection and the subsequent development of cancers. This study assessed the level of knowledge, acceptance, and use of HPV vaccines among undergraduate pharmacy students using a self-administered, adapted, and validated questionnaire. The questionnaire contained information under four cluster headings: demographics, knowledge of HPV, HPV Vaccination, acceptance, and HPV vaccine uptake. It was distributed to randomly selected eligible students in the faculty. The data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to present the findings. The level of significance was set at a p-value of <0.05. The number of students who participated was 253, comprising 126 (49.8%) males and 127 (50.2%) females. Of the total, 216 (85.4%) have heard of HPV, 189 (74.7%) have heard of HPV Vaccination, 160 (63.2%) believed that only girls should be vaccinated, and 253 (100%) have not received the vaccination. The participants showed a fair knowledge of HPV, but a low level of knowledge of HPV Vaccination, as 216 (85.4%) knew that HPV is dangerous, 142 (56.1%) knew that the virus causes cervical cancer, and only 93 (36.8%) knew that the HPV vaccine is recommended for both males and females. None of the participants had received the vaccine, and most of them (60.1%) were willing to accept the HPV vaccine. This study suggested that the pharmacy students have a fair knowledge of cervical cancer and HPV but are less informed regarding the HPV vaccines. Despite a below-average knowledge about the HPV vaccines, the students showed a willingness to receive the HPV vaccines.
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Maureen Anetoh
creator: Vivian Chikendu
creator: Brian Ogbonna
creator: Chidubem Emelugo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maureen U. Anetoh, Vivian I. Chikendu, Brian O. Ogbonna, Chidubem P. Emelugo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 2314
ending page: 2332
doi: 10.54117/g94nta43

Correlating serum lipid profile with age-related cataract: A clinical perspective
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description: Age-related cataract (ARC) is a major cause of visual impairment worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Growing evidence suggests that dyslipidaemia may be associated with cataractogenesis. This study investigated the association between the serum lipid profile and age-related cataract among adults attending a tertiary healthcare facility in south-eastern Nigeria.A hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH), Amaku, Awka. A total of 210 participants were recruited, comprising 105 patients with ARC and 105 age- and sex-matched controls. Sociodemographic data and body mass index (BMI) were collected using structured questionnaires. Cataracts were diagnosed and classified as nuclear sclerotic (NSC), cortical (CSC), or posterior subcapsular (PSC) using slit-lamp bio-microscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy. Fasting blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Data were analysed using SPSS version 23, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The mean age of ARC patients was higher than that of controls (65.9 vs. 61.0 years). NSC was the most common cataract subtype (51.4%), followed by PSC (28.6%) and CSC (20.0%). Dyslipidaemia was present in 84.8% of ARC patients. Serum TG and LDL-C levels were significantly higher, while HDL-C levels were significantly lower in ARC patients compared with controls (p < 0.05). Elevated TG levels significantly increased the odds of cataract occurrence and were the only significant predictor of cataract severity. These findings demonstrate a significant association between dyslipidemia and ARC, highlighting the importance of lipid screening and management in cataract prevention strategies.
subject: Articles
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Emmanuel Ezejiegu
creator: Chinelo Ezejiegu
creator: udo Ubani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Emmanuel C. Ezejiegu, Dr Chinelo k. Ezejiegu, Dr Udo A. Ubani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 2301
ending page: 2313
doi: 10.54117/3gm2mt41

Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection and typhoid fever among febrile patients presenting with gastroenteritis in Ahmadu Bello University Medical Centre, Zaria, Nigeria
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description: Acute gastroenteritis and febrile illnesses are major health concerns in low- and middle-income countries, where gut and liver infections often share similar symptoms. The overlap of symptoms like fever, headache, and gastrointestinal issues common in hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections, typhoid fever, malaria, and viral hemorrhagic fevers creates a real diagnostic challenge. The current study looked into the prevalence of recent HAV infection and typhoid fever among febrile patients with gastroenteritis at Ahmadu Bello University Medical Centre. Exactly 100 patients of various ages who presented with fever and gastrointestinal symptoms were recruited. Socio-demographic details and clinical information were gathered through a structured questionnaire. Three millilitres of venous blood collected aseptically from each participant were screened for HAV and typhoid using a rapid diagnostic test, and Widal slide agglutination technique, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson Chi-square test at a 95% confidence level, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results showed no cases of HAV infection among the participants. However, 76% of samples tested positive for typhoid fever. The occurrence of typhoid fever was significantly associated with the highest level of education of the participants. A significant relationship was also observed between typhoid fever and type of toilet facility, with higher prevalence among individuals using water-closet facilities. The result indicates a high prevalence of typhoid fever in the study area and underscores the urgent need for improved sanitation infrastructure, better hygiene practices, and strengthened preventive and control measures to reduce the burden of enteric infections in the region.
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Munirat Shaibu
creator: Joshua Adasu
creator: Zainab Garba Anchau
creator: Bishir Abdullahi
creator: Matthew Idoko
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shaibu, A.M., Joshua, A., Anchau, Z.G., Abdullahi, B., Idoko, M.O. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 2333
ending page: 2342
doi: 10.54117/gv0rmw24

Isoform-specific modulation of transforming growth factor-βs by Musa cavendishii peel extracts attenuates hypertrophic scar formation in a rabbit ear model
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description: Hypertrophic scarring results from dysregulated wound healing characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition, persistent fibroblast activation, and sustained profibrotic signaling. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) isoforms play distinct roles in this process with TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 promote fibrosis, whereas TGF-β3 is associated in regenerative remodeling. Imbalance among these isoforms contributes to abnormal scar maturation. This study evaluated the effects of Musa cavendishii peel extracts on hypertrophic scar formation, focusing on isoform-specific TGF-β modulation. Hypertrophic scars were induced in rabbits using the ear excision model. Peel extracts prepared with hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous solvents were applied topically at doses of 375, 750, and 1500 mg/kg under preventive (35-day) and curative (63-day) protocols. Triamcinolone acetonide (40 mg/kg) served as the standard control. Scar tissues were analyzed for TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 levels using ELISA, and isoform ratios were calculated to assess profibrotic balance supported with histological findings. Extract treatment produced dose- and time-dependent suppression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2. At 35 days, significant reductions were observed primarily at 1500 mg/kg, while both 750 and 1500 mg/kg were effective after 63 days. High-dose treatment achieved cytokine levels comparable to triamcinolone acetonide. Additionally, extract administration reduced TGF-β1/TGF-β3 and TGF-β2/TGF-β3 ratios, indicating restoration of isoform balance. These findings demonstrate that Musa cavendishii peel extracts attenuate hypertrophic scarring through coordinated modulation of TGF-β signaling, supporting their potential as a complementary topical antifibrotic therapy.
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Dr. Azeez Raji Sheidu
creator: Prof. Bilkisu Bello Maiha
creator: Prof. Mohammed Garba Magaji
creator: Dr. Tijani Rabiu Giaze
creator: Dr. Saidi Odoma
creator: Prof. Ahmed Adebowale Adedeji
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Azeez Raji Sheidu, Prof. Bilkisu Bello Maiha, Prof. Mohammed Garba Magaji, Dr. Tijani Rabiu Giaze, Dr. Saidi Odoma, Prof. Ahmed Adebowale Adedeji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 2282
ending page: 2300
doi: 10.54117/9wj76462

In silico validation of anti-inflammatory activities of compounds isolated from Avena sativa (Oat Meal) extract
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description: Oat (Avena sativa) Fam. Poaceae is a cereal originally used as animal feed but now serves as a functional food, as a result of its robust nutritional content such as carbohydrate, protein, lipids, fibres and reported therapeutic uses including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. This study is aimed at a systematic molecular docking evaluation of fifteen (15) phytocompounds derived from Oat meal against the active site of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) which is a well-known enzyme implicated in inflammatory responses and a key target in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) development. This procedure has the core objective of predicting the binding affinity and assess the binding mode stability of each ligand in complex with COX-2, with the aim of identifying novel or optimized scaffolds for selective COX-2 inhibitor. The physicochemical properties of the studied compounds were determined to further assess their drug likeness and pharmacokinetic feasibility of the tested compounds with key indicators of logP, aqueous solubility, (logS), molecular weight, number of hydrogen bond donor (HBD), hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), rotatable bonds (b-rotN) and polar surface area (ASA-P). This study employs the technique of molecular docking simulation using the 10-crystalized ligand of COX-2, S58 a well characterized selective COX-2 inhibitor with the validation done using the molecular operating environment (MOE) software suite. The result shows that 3 compounds; Decanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- (-4.39±0.33 kcal/mol), Propan-2-ol, 1-(2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexy (-16.21±0.04 kcal/mol), 2-Octylcyclopropene-1-heptanol (-10.46±0.03 kcal/mol) show good promise as potential drug candidate compared to Celecoxib (-11.48±0.03) with Propan-2-ol, 1-(2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexy having the most favourable docking score among drug like compounds and zero Lipinski’s violation.
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creator: Sunday Onyeloni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sunday Onyeloni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 2206
ending page: 2230
doi: 10.54117/5tt5ng33

Optimized low-cost isolation of α-amyrin acetate from Alstonia boonei: toward scalable production of a bioactive triterpenoid.
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description: Alpha amyrin acetate is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with well-documented pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, gastroprotective, and anticancer potentials. However, low yields and laborious purification steps from natural sources have limited its availability for advanced pharmacological studies. This study aimed to develop a simple, cost-effective, and efficient procedure by optimizing the isolation of α-amyrin acetate from Alstonia boonei stem bark with high yield and purity. Pulverized stem bark was extracted by maceration in absolute methanol and in methanol–dichloromethane (1:1) for 2–7 days. Extracts were filtered, and crude triterpenoids were precipitated via slow solvent evaporation. The crude precipitates were purified using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography (VLC) on silica gel with graded hexane–ethyl acetate solvent systems. The fractions were monitored by TLC. Methanol extracts yielded between 3.48–6.46% crude triterpenoids, with optimum yield from day 5. Methanol–dichloromethane extracts gave higher crude yields (6.46–8.16%), peaking at day 7. However, VLC purification revealed that methanol extracts produced significantly higher yields of pure α-amyrin acetate, with the highest recovery (26.52% of crude triterpenoid) while the mixed solvent system yielded a maximum of 10.29%. Maceration in methanol for six days followed by precipitation and VLC purification provides a simple, low-cost, and efficient method for isolating α-amyrin acetate from A. boonei. The optimized protocol reduces the number of purification steps, improves selectivity, and enables the recovery of sufficient quantities for pharmacological and toxicological studies.
subject: Articles
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Nkeoma Nkasi Okoye
creator: Pius Okwuchukwu Akpamgbo
creator: Onyinyechi Vera Madubuike
creator: Chinwendu Stephanie Arinze
creator: Chigozie Celestina Ezeagha
creator: Festus Basden Chiedu Okoye
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nkeoma Nkasi Okoye, Pius Okwuchukwu Akpamgbo, Onyinyechi Vera Madubuike, Chinwendu Stephanie Arinze, Chigozie Celestina Ezeagha, Festus Basden Chiedu Okoye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-02
publication date: 2025-10-02
starting page: 2193
ending page: 2205
doi: 10.54117/yp8y7r45

Molecular surveillance and detection of SARS-CoV-2, polio, and non-polio enteroviruses in wastewater samples from Enugu and Ebonyi States
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description: Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a critical tool for monitoring the community-level spread of viral pathogens, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study employed molecular surveillance to detect SARS-CoV-2, poliovirus, and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) in wastewater samples from Nsukka, Enugu, and Abakaliki metropolises. A total of 148 wastewater samples were collected between November 2023 and April 2024 from open drainages and a sewage treatment plant across nine sites in both states. Samples were concentrated using polyethylene glycol precipitation. For poliovirus and NPEVs, concentrated samples were inoculated into L20B and RD cell lines for viral culture and observed for cytopathic effects (CPE) following the World Health Organization (WHO) environmental surveillance algorithm. Reverse transcription real-time PCR (rRT-PCR) was employed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Pan-enterovirus rRT-PCR for enteroviruses, and poliovirus-specific rRT-PCR for differentiation of polioviruses. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 11 (7.4%) of the total samples, all of which originated from the University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) sewage plant in Enugu State, indicating an 18.3% positivity rate in that location. NPEVs was detected in 9 (6.1%) samples, also exclusively from the UNN site. No poliovirus (VDPV2 or nOPV2) was detected in any sample, and all samples from Ebonyi State and open drainage systems were negative for all targeted viruses. These findings underscore the value of WBE as a complementary surveillance tool to strengthen Nigeria’s public health response to emerging and re-emerging viral infections.
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: George Chukwuma
creator: Nelson Oruche
creator: Ikenna Anagboso
creator: Chika Okonkwo
creator: Anthony Ufearoh
creator: Kenneth Ngwoke
creator: Festus Okoye
creator: Nneka Agbakoba
creator: Chioma Obi
creator: Nnamdi Ohiri
creator: Charles Esimone
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 George Chukwuma, Nelson Oruche, Ikenna Anagboso, Chika Okonkwo, Anthony Ufearoh, Kenneth Ngwoke, Festus Okoye, Nneka Agbakoba, Chioma Obi, Nnamdi Ohiri, Charles Esimone https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 2246
ending page: 2260
doi: 10.54117/yywsk517

Acetate attenuates lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar rats
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description: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, which contribute to lipid peroxidation. Although previous studies have shown a link between lipid peroxidation and diabetes, the potential therapeutic role of acetate remains unclear. This study examined the effects of sodium acetate on lipid peroxidation, glucose homeostasis, and oxidative stress in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 5). Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, i.p.), and rats with blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL after 72 hours were considered diabetic. The groups included control, diabetic untreated, acetate-treated (200 mg/kg, p.o.), metformin-treated (100 mg/kg, p.o.), diabetic + acetate, and diabetic + metformin. Treatments were administered daily for 21 days. Fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers (MDA, FFA, GSH, GPx) were analyzed using standard biochemical assays. Sodium acetate treatment significantly reduced elevated fasting glucose (≈ 35%), MDA (≈ 40%), and HOMA-IR values compared with diabetic controls (p < 0.05). Also, sodium acetate significantly improved lipid profile and antioxidant enzyme levels (MDA, FFA, GSH and GPx). These findings suggest that sodium acetate may augment the effects of standard anti-diabetic drugs by attenuating lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus.
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Elizabeth Dangana
creator: Christian Atuluku Ekpe
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Dangana, Ekpe C.A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 2231
ending page: 2245
doi: 10.54117/xnfshj12

The role of antioxidant enzymes and micronutrients in mitigating HIV-associated oxidative stress in Sub-Saharan African populations
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description: HIV/AIDS poses a major public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa, a region disproportionately affected by both chronic infections and malnutrition. While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has markedly improved survival and viral suppression, emerging evidence highlights the persistent role of oxidative stress in immune dysfunction, disease progression, and comorbidity development in people living with HIV. This review examines the mechanisms of HIV-associated oxidative stress and evaluates the role of antioxidant enzymes and micronutrients in its modulation. It further explores the prevalence and causes of regional micronutrient deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa and synthesizes findings from intervention studies to guide evidence-based nutrition and policy strategies in HIV care. The review reveals that HIV and ART disrupt antioxidant systems while also depleting essential micronutrients due to poor dietary diversity, soil nutrient depletion, and socioeconomic constraints. Evidence from multiple clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond demonstrates that targeted micronutrient supplementation can enhance antioxidant capacity, improve CD4+ counts, reduce opportunistic infections, and support ART efficacy, particularly in nutrient-deficient individuals. Mitigating HIV-associated oxidative stress through antioxidant and micronutrient support offers a critical but underutilized strategy in HIV care. Integrating nutritional screening, targeted supplementation, and food fortification into HIV management frameworks could substantially improve immune recovery and long-term well-being among people living with HIV.
subject: Reviews
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Adaobi Helen Oli
creator: Hugh Clifford Chima Maduka
creator: Ignatius Chukwudi Maduka
creator: Monday Uchenna Obaji
creator: Emmanuel Chinedum Otakagu
creator: Angus Nnamdi Oli
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mrs. Adaobi Helen Oli, Prof Hugh Clifford Chima Maduka, Prof Ignatius Chukwudi Maduka, Dr. Monday Uchenna Obaji, Pharm Emmanuel Chinedum Otakagu, Prof Angus Nnamdi Oli https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 2110
ending page: 2135
doi: 10.54117/dc1k0k80

Toxicity profile of the aqueous methanol stem bark extract of Erythrina senegalensis DC. (Fabaceae) in rodents
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description: Erythrina senegalensis DC. (Fabaceae) is widely used in African traditional medicine, particularly the stem bark, which is employed in treating ailments such as malaria, jaundice, gastrointestinal disorders, and inflammation. Its extensive folkloric use underscores the need for rigorous toxicological validation. This study evaluated the acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity of the crude aqueous methanol extract of the stem bark (CAMEES) in Wistar rats. Acute toxicity was assessed using Lorke’s method, while sub-chronic toxicity followed the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guideline 407. In the 28-day sub-chronic study, fifty-six rats (28 males and 28 females) were divided into four groups (n = 7/sex/group) and administered 0 (control), 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day of CAMEES orally. Parameters evaluated included body weight, food intake, haematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight, and histopathology. No mortality or observable clinical toxicity was recorded in the acute phase, and the oral LD₅₀ was estimated to exceed 5000 mg/kg. Sub-chronic administration did not cause significant alterations in body weight or food consumption. However, significant increases in serum glucose (8.4 ± 0.9 vs. 7.2 ± 1.8 mmol/L; P = 0.043), total cholesterol (385.6 ± 68.2 vs. 305.1 ± 6.2 mmol/L; P = 0.039), and albumin (4.9 ± 0.2 vs. 3.7 ± 0.4 g/L; P = 0.046) were observed at specific doses. Mild sex-related variations in lymphocyte and platelet counts were also noted (P < 0.05). Histological examination revealed no lesions in major organs. Overall, CAMEES exhibited a favorable safety profile, supporting its continued investigation for therapeutic applications.
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creator: Sylvester Nefai Mathias
creator: Yusuf Ibrahim Alkali
creator: Chinenye Jane Ugwah-Oguejiofor
creator: Emmanuel HALILU Mshelia
creator: Aminu Ahmed Biambo
creator: Mansur Lawal
creator: Aliyu Hamidu Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Mathias S.N., Alkali I.Y., Ugwah-Oguejiofor C.J., Mshelia HE, Biambo A.A., Mansur L., Ahmed A.H. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 2136
ending page: 2163
doi: 10.54117/saf68g60

Modulation of purine metabolism and uric acid level by gut microbiota product, Acetate; in Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in male wistar rats
type: item
description: Sodium acetate is a gut microbiota product which has shown potential metabolic benefits on several disease models. Several studies have revealed that gut microbiota products enhance insulin sensitivity, improve glucose uptake and suppress cardiometabolic alterations in Diabetes Mellitus (DM). However, acetate influence on purine metabolism in DM has not been fully explored. The aim this study was to investigate the effect of acetate on blood glucose level, insulin sensitivity, purine metabolism and uric acid level in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. A total of thirty (30) male Wistar rats of about 8-10 weeks weighting between 140g-220g were used for the study. Group 1: control. Group 2: Diabetic (untreated). Group 3: sodium acetate (200 mg/kg orally). Group 4: Metformin group (100 mg/kg orally). Group 5: Diabetic with sodium acetate (200 mg/kg). Group 6: Diabetic + metformin (100 mg/kg). All groups were treated for 21 days (n= 5/group). The findings from this study showed that sodium acetate enhanced insulin sensitivity, xanthine oxidase/adenosine deaminase activities and uric acid level (p< 0.05) in comparison to the diabetic control rats. The results of this study suggest the beneficial effect of acetate by modulating purine metabolism via adenosine deaminase/xanthine oxidase and uric acid pathway in diabetes mellitus.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Elizabeth Dangana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Dangana https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
starting page: 2164
ending page: 2192
doi: 10.54117/yw5q9x23

Ten-year review of feto-maternal outcomes of anaemia in pregnancy at a tertiary health facility in Southern Nigeria
type: item
description: Anaemia in pregnancy remains a major global reproductive health concern, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. This study assessed the prevalence, severity, and feto-maternal outcomes of pregnancy-related anaemia at Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted from 2012 to 2021. Records of pregnant women with anaemia (Hb <11 g/dL or PCV <33%) and complete outcome data were analyzed. Women with chronic medical/haematological conditions, or incomplete records were excluded. Data were extracted using structured forms and analyzed with SPSS v25. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact (where appropriate) tests were applied, with bivariate analysis to test associations between anaemia severity and outcomes. Out of 2,506 deliveries, 393 (15.7%) were anaemic. Of these, 326 cases with complete records were included. Most women were aged 31–40 years (42.9%), unbooked (58.6%), and had mild anaemia (63.5%). Severe anaemia (4.9%) was significantly associated with caesarean delivery (87.5%), blood transfusion (100%), postpartum haemorrhage (31.3%), sepsis (43.8%), prolonged stay in hospital (43.8%), and maternal mortality (31.3%) (p < 0.001). While severe anaemia was linked to low birth weight (37.5%) and macrosomia (31.3%), adverse fetal outcomes were more common in mild cases but not statistically significant. Haematinics were administered in 83.7% and blood transfusions in 16.3%. Anaemia in pregnancy remains prevalent at DELSUTH. Severity is associated with poor maternal outcomes, highlighting the importance of early detection, improved antenatal access, and specialized institutional responses.
subject: Articles
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creator: Henry Odeyovwi Edehwosa
creator: Innocent Okoacha
creator: osamudia Okhiokpamwonyi
creator: Edward Aimiehinor Akhator
creator: Patrick Okonta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Henry Odeyovwi Edehwosa, Innocent Okoacha, Osamudia Okhionkpamwonyi, Edward Aimiehinor Akhator, Patrick Okonta https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-09-09
publication date: 2025-09-09
starting page: 2176
ending page: 2192
doi: 10.54117/cdxsww15

Effectiveness of an educational dietary intervention among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary hospital, South-West Nigeria: A quasi-experimental study.
type: item
description: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, and dietary modification is a major cornerstone in its management. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an educational dietary intervention in patients with T2DM in a tertiary hospital in Lagos State, Nigeria. A quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital between November 2023 and February 2024. Patients were split into intervention and control groups. A brochure on healthy dietary habits and a modifiable dietary timetable was developed and deployed to patients in collaboration with a nutritionist. Patients’ knowledge of T2DM and dietary behaviors was evaluated using structured pre- and post-questionnaires adapted from a validated questionnaire. Eighty-four T2DM patients were enrolled, comprising 50 (59.5%) females and 34 (40.5%) males. Most patients were >60 years and had a family history of T2DM (56%). However, these differences were insignificant between the two groups. Responses to study questions were significant in the pre-and post-groups. After intervention, patient’s dietary knowledge significantly increased compared to the control group (8.74±0.49 vs 6.02±1.55, respectively; F=28.92; p<0.001). Using principal component analysis, the primary factors influencing patients’ dietary habits were monthly income (0.768), availability (0.649), and taste of food (0.587). Additionally, 83% of patients in the intervention group stated that the dietary timetable was practical, feasible, and worth exploring. Patient knowledge of dietary modification in T2DM significantly improved after the intervention, and study findings demonstrate the usefulness of educational resources in improving understanding of T2DM management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Foluke Adenike Ayeni
creator: Oluwaseun Deborah SAMUEL
creator: Temitope Obatobi Fapojuwo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FA Ayeni, OD Samuel, TO Fapojuwo https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 2008
ending page: 2037
doi: 10.54117/1fxxxb93

Molecular analysis of gamma irradiated rice cultivar FARO 44 for submergence tolerance using RAPD markers
type: item
description: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an essential crop supporting over 60% of the global population, with rainfed lowland and deepwater ecosystems accounting for approximately 33% of global rice cultivation. However, submergence stress caused by seasonal flooding - exacerbated by climate change - significantly threatens rice productivity. This research sought to develop variability in submergence tolerance in FARO 44, a popular Nigerian rice variety, using gamma irradiation. The seeds were given gamma rays at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 Gy and submerged entirely for five days at the 21-day seedling level. Plant height and survival rate were some of the measured agro-morphological traits. The highest survival rate (93.75%) was observed at both 150 Gy and 200 Gy doses. To evaluate the genetic diversity within these lines of irradiated rice, molecular characterization was conducted with six primers of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The results suggest that 150 Gy and 200 Gy doses had marked increases in survival rates, which indicated improved tolerance. Analysis of the polymorphism showed significant results in the RAPD analysis, where primer B04 had the most considerable polymorphic information content of 0.82 and genetic diversity of 0.84, indicating genetic differentiation and effective change induction. These results confirm that generating rice genotypes tolerant to submergence using gamma irradiation is feasible, while the genetic diversity caused by irradiation can easily be monitored using RAPD markers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: JIYA MOHAMMED
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 JIYA MOHAMMED https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 2066
ending page: 2079
doi: 10.54117/dee2mc49

The hepatitis B virus: Attitude, perception and willingness to undergo vaccination among undergraduates in health-related courses in a tertiary institution, Lagos, Nigeria
type: item
description: Hepatitis B virus (HBV), an infectious disease of global significance, causes a significant health burden particularly in Africa. Medical and paramedical undergraduates are at increased risk of HBV exposure due to their academic and clinical responsibilities. Attitudes, perceptions and willingness to receive vaccination are determinants of protection and disease transmission. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and paramedical undergraduates using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Data collected included socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and perception of HBV, attitudes toward vaccination, and willingness to receive HBV vaccine. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Level of statistical significance was set at p value <0.05. Of 277 consecutively recruited respondents, 18.8%, 24.5% and 13.7% were medical, medical laboratory science and nursing students respectively while 43.0% were pharmacy students. A total of 62.5% of the respondents strongly agreed that Hepatitis B poses a significant occupational hazard for medical and paramedical students, and 64.6% showed a positive attitude towards Hepatitis B and vaccination. More than three-quarters, 78.7% expressed their willingness to be vaccinated. Of these, 72.9% were very likely to recommend it to their peers. Positive attitude and willingness to be vaccinated was significantly associated with gender (p=0.001 & 0.030) and faculty of study (p=0.016 & < 0.001) respectively. The study demonstrated positive attitudes towards both Hepatitis B and vaccination among respondents. Willingness to vaccinate appears promising but hindered by logistic and financial constraints. Targeted health education, discounted vaccination programs, and curriculum integration are recommended to promote vaccine uptake among undergraduates in Nigerian universities.
subject: Articles
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Foluke Adenike Ayeni
creator: Patricia Uche Ogbo
creator: Ahmed Olasunkanmi Ajilaran
creator: Oluwakayinsola Foluke Akinbo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 FA AYENI, PU Ogbo, AO AJILARAN, OF AKINBO https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-04-19
publication date: 2025-04-19
starting page: 1985
ending page: 2007
doi: 10.54117/6dyksp50

Nature’s Drugs Repositories: Myxobacteria and Actinomycetes as sources of novel antiviral agents against respiratory viruses - Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial virus and Influenza virus
type: item
description: The respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the influenza viruses (IV) and the coronaviruses (CoVs) have contributed remarkably to the global mortality profile, with a member of the coronavirus family, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infecting over 8 million individuals globally. Emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has set the course for research into the discovery and development of antiviral agents against these respiratory viruses. Several sources of antiviral therapy ranging from synthetic compounds, biomolecules and natural agents from plants, animals and humans are currently being considered, explored and tested for effective and efficient health therapy. In this review, we call attention to the discovery, development and deployment of bioactive agents from microbial sources, especially those from the Myxobacteria (MXB) and Actinomycetes (ATC) families. MXB and ATC are classes of bacteria microorganisms that largely specialize in producing bioactive substances. An appreciable variety of bioactive compounds sourced from these interesting microbes have been licensed and shown to demonstrate some remarkable biological activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, tumors, among others. There are yet untapped bioactive metabolites that reside in these microbes that possess potential for antiviral activity against these respiratory viruses. Herein we discuss some of them with the aim to guide fellow researchers into novel routes for discovery and development of antiviral agents against these respiratory viruses.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu
creator: Damian Chukwu Odimegwu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu, Damian Chukwu Odimegwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-28
publication date: 2026-02-28
starting page: 2261
ending page: 2281
doi: 10.54117/64acg226

Willingness-to-pay for home delivery of antiretrovirals: A cross-sectional contingent valuation study in Southern Nigeria
type: item
description: Home delivery enhances access to antiretrovirals through differentiated care. This study aimed to assess the willingness-to-pay for home delivery of antiretrovirals by people living with HIV in the southern part of Nigeria using a contingent valuation method. The study is a cross-sectional study and it was conducted in the HIV centers in three federal teaching hospitals located in three regions of the geopolitical zones in the southern part of Nigeria. The study was carried out from April 2022 to March 2023. A total of 945 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to HIV clients, and the willingness to pay was investigated using a contingent valuation technique. The predictors for the willingness-to-pay were explored using multiple logistic regressions. Majority (70%) of the respondents were not willing to pay for the delivery of their antiretrovirals to their homes. Out of those willing to pay, only one-third of them were willing to pay a monthly stipend of $1.3 ± 0.4 for the drug delivery. Furthermore, this study found that respondents employed in the private sector are more willing to pay for the delivery of antiretrovirals to their homes, with an odds ratio of 3.2, a 95% confidence interval of (1.43-7.00), and a p-value of 0.004.The study found that most persons living with HIV in the southern part of Nigeria are unwilling to pay for home delivery of their antiretrovirals, despite receiving free antiretrovirals from healthcare facilities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Dr. Nnenna Ajagu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Nnenna Ajagu https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01
starting page: 1928
ending page: 1946
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v5i1.2

Formulation and evaluation of fingerprint powder to aid forensic investigation in a depressed economy
type: item
description: This study was designed to produce an effective, locally produced fingerprint powder for identifying latent prints on various surfaces. Fingerprint identification uses the impressions of unique ridge patterns on the fingertip, visualized through powder application [1, 2]. Three research questions were used to guide the study on how the particle size and retention ability affect the visualization of the powder. The objective is to evaluate a crime scene effectively using locally-produced fingerprint powder. Our materials and methods combine comparison analysis, sieve analysis (#100 mesh, #150mesh (μm), and infrared (IR) spectroscopy using florescent, lycopodium-based powder. Equipment includes: thermal /electric driers (oven), ultraviolet scanning devices, and Optical and Electronic Microscopes. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), was used to determine the molecular structure and group of the element used; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) determined the particle arrangement, others are X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used for crystal structures, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) for elemental composition. Results proved that finer powder particles adhere better to surfaces, while IR spectroscopy enables rapid powder constituent detection. The study demonstrates the importance of particle size and color for optimal latent print visualization on diverse surfaces [3]. Production of local powder will reduce the crime rate in our society, and lower the cost of crime investigation.
subject: Articles
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Chijioke Ofomata
creator: Desmond Agbom
creator: Chiemeka Chukwudum
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. AGBOM Desmond N., Dr. Ofomata Chijioke Maxwell, Dr. Chukwudum Chiemeka Prince https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 2102
ending page: 2109
doi: 10.54117/5syapq19

Antidepressant, antianxiolytic and antiepileptic effects of Mojeaga herbal remedy®in albino miceRaymond
type: item
description: The Mojeaga herbal remedy is made up of several herbs, including Alchornea laxiflora, Pennisetum purpureum, and Sorghum bicolour. It is primarily used to treat anaemia, boost immune system function, and provide antioxidant effects. The aim of this work is to investigate the antidepressant, anti-epileptic, and anxiolytic effects of the Mojeaga herbal remedy®. The forced swim test and the tail suspension test in mice were employed to examine the antidepressant effect. Pentylenetetrazol and strychnine-induced seizure models were used to assess the anti-epileptic activity, while the elevated plus maze was used to evaluate anxiolytic activity. Mojeaga extract at 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) significantly reduced immobility time when compared to the control (P < 0.05) in the forced swim and the tail suspension tests. In the elevated plus maze, diazepam (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the time spent in the open arm, the number of open arm entries, and the percentage of open arm entries when compared to control (P < 0.01). At doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, the herbal remedy® did not significantly protect against strychnine- or pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Diazepam (10 mg/kg) provided 25% protection against strychnine-induced convulsions and 50% protection against seizures caused by pentylenetetrazol. The study suggests that the herbal remedy Mojeaga has antidepressant-like properties, but it lacks anxiolytic and antiepileptic properties.
subject: Articles
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creator: DICKSON UWAYA
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 DICKSON UWAYA https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-07-01
publication date: 2025-07-01
starting page: 2080
ending page: 2101
doi: 10.54117/bj2j9921

Molecular detection of AmpC-beta lactamase CITM gene in gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria.
type: item
description: In most developing countries, the β-lactam antibiotics are still the most predominantly prescribed antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is typical of multidrug resistance (MDRs), being mainly due to the production of AmpC-type β-lactamases. The aim of the study was to detect blaCITM gene in Gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens in a tertiary hospital. A total of 220 Gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from clinical specimens were involved in the study. The primary screening of the AmpC enzyme-producing strains was conducted by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates that yielded a zone diameter ≤18 mm (screen positive) to cefoxitin sensitivity disc were further subjected to confirmatory tests using the AmpC disc test technique. Genomic DNA was extracted using Quick-DNATM Fungal/Bacterial Miniprep Kit; Zymo Research). Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis was carried out in order to detect the presence of blaCITM. Out of 220 isolates, 45 (20.5%) were found to be resistant to cefoxitin (Screening test for AmpC β-lactamase) of which 10 (4.5%) were positive for AmpC β-lactamase (confirmatory positive by AmpC Disk Test). However, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that none of the isolates harboured the blaCITM gene. The results from this study implied that not all cefoxitin resistant isolates are AmpC β-lactamase producers. The absence of blaCITM gene may be as a result of other enzymatic mechanism such as extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) and metallo beta-lactamase (MBL) or because of the non-enzymatic mechanism such as porin channel mutation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Ikenna Anagboso
creator: Comfort Akujobi
creator: Ikenna Akuakolam
creator: Iloduba Aghanya
creator: Ngozi Chukwunwe
creator: Chika Ezeador
creator: Solomon Ukibe
creator: Ngozichukwu Uzoewulu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. Ikenna M. Anagboso, Professor Comfort N. Akujobi, Mr. Ikenna M. Akuakolam, Dr. Iloduba N. Aghanya, Mrs Ngozi O. Chukwunwe, Mr. Chika O. Ezeador, Professor Solomon N. Ukibe, Dr. Ngozi G. Uzoewulu https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-04-17
publication date: 2025-04-17
starting page: 1971
ending page: 1984
doi: 10.54117/4n2hr032

Phytochemical compounds with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition activity – A review
type: item
description: HIV/AIDS is a global public health issue, exacerbated by the inaccessibility of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in some regions. In such settings, herbal therapy can serve as affordable and effective alternative treatment option. Numerous scientific studies have affirmed the inhibitory effects of medicinal plants on several targets in the HIV life cycle, including the HIV type-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) enzyme. To obtain relevant information on the HIV-1 RT inhibition profiles of these medicinal plants, we conducted a literature search for peer-reviewed papers in various scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar on bioactive compounds with HIV-1 RT inhibition. We found 60 different plant species distributed across 24 families and reported their respective geographical distribution, specific parts used, bioactive compounds and HIV-1 RT inhibitory profiles. The family Lamiaceae has the highest number of plants (n=10, 16.7%) with HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity. The classes flavonoids, terpenoids and polyphenolic compounds were found to have the highest number of HIV-1 RT inhibition activity. Herbal therapy is an indispensable treatment option for HIV/AIDS, particularly in many low- and middle-income countries and other resource-constrained settings with limited access to cART.
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Suleiman Danladi
creator: Ayinde Abdulwahab Adeniyi
creator: Zainab Iman Sani
creator: Nazifi Auwalu Abubakar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Suleiman Danladi, Adeniyi Ayinde Abdulwahab, Zainab Iman Sani, Nazifi Auwalu Abubakar https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 2038
ending page: 2065
doi: 10.54117/tay11n15

Comparative phytochemical and antioxidant studies of the hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the methanol extracts of the stem bark of Allophylus africanus
type: item
description: This research is aimed at comparing the phytoconstituents and antioxidant activities of the methanol extract, hexane and ethyl acetate fractions of the stem bark of Allophylus africanus Beauv. for development into possible phytopharmaceuticals. About 500 g dry weight of the stem bark sample was macerated for a total of 48 h using 5 L methanol to obtain the methanol extract. The extract was fractionated into hexane and ethyl acetate and each fraction monitored using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The extract and fractions were also subjected to phytochemical screening. Using the DPPH radical scavenging model, the antioxidant studies of the extract and fractions were carried out at concentrations between 1 mg and 0.00625 mg/mL. Alkaloids, carbohydrates and terpenoids were found present in all three samples while anthraquinone, tannins, phenols and steroids were not detected in all three samples of the stem bark. The crude methanol extracts and the hexane fractions of the stem bark of Allophylus africanus showed no antioxidant activity when compared to Vitamin C using the DPPH free radical scavenging activity model. However, at concentrations between 1 mg/mL and 0.0625 mg/mL a significant and dose-dependent antioxidant activity was observed with the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark. The enrichment of the ethyl acetate fraction with alkaloids, terpenoids and saponins, which possess anti-oxidant activity may be a plausible explanation for the observed anti-oxidant activity. The ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark can thus be further investigated as a possible antioxidant phytopharmaceutical for the management of oxidative stress.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Nkeoma Okoye
creator: Joy Nwokoye
creator: Chidimma Muobike
creator: Francesca Ojoko
creator: Deborah Emmanuel
creator: Faithful Uche
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Nkeoma Nkasi Okoye, Joy Nwando Nwokoye, Chidimma Malinda Muobike, Francesca Ogechukwu Ojoko, Deborah Amarachi Emmanuel, Faithful Oluchukwu Uche https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2024-12-29
publication date: 2024-12-29
starting page: 1884
ending page: 1892
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v4i6.2

Innovative approaches in pneumococcal vaccine development: Harnessing natural compounds and advanced delivery systems
type: item
description: Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of upper respiratory diseases worldwide, particularly in vulnerable populations such as young children, the aged, and immunosuppressed individuals. Although current pneumococcal vaccines have significantly reduced the global disease burden, limitations such as serotype replacement, variable immunogenicity, and accessibility challenges highlight the need for innovative approaches. This review explores strategies in pneumococcal vaccine development, the potential of protein-based vaccines that target conserved antigens, and recombinant technologies such as reverse vaccinology. The role of natural compounds, including bioactive molecules from Pleurotus ostreatus and saponin-based adjuvants, is discussed for their immunomodulatory properties. Advanced delivery systems like ISCOMATRIX and nanoparticle-based platforms are presented as solutions for enhancing mucosal and systemic immunity. This review further highlights the importance of integrating emerging technologies to ensure global accessibility. These innovations hold promise for developing universal and adaptable pneumococcal vaccines that are both effective and affordable for diverse populations.
subject: Reviews
  topic: section
subject: Biomedical Research
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subject: Array
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subject: Array
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creator: Monday Uchenna Obaji
creator: Akunna Perpetua Emeruwa
creator: Angus Nnamdi Oli
creator: Malachy Chigozie Ugwu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Monday Uchenna Obaji, Akunna Perpetua Emeruwa, Dr. Angus Nnamdi Oli, Dr. Malachy Chigozie Ugwu https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01
starting page: 1947
ending page: 1970
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v5i1.3

Ethanol whole plant extract of Ochna afzelii Theales (Ochnaceae) ameliorates anaphylactic inflammation in wistar rats
type: item
description: Research has shown that Ochna afzelii commonly known as African Plane or African Ochna or Afzel’s ochna is a rich source of complex flavonoids which are known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to investigate the immune-mediated anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol whole plant extract of O. afzelii in rats. The immune-mediated anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using egg albumin-induced active paw anaphylaxis model in rats; and histamine-induced paw edema model in Wistar rats For each of the models, thirty (30) Wistar rats weighing 150 ‐ 200 g were divided into five groups containing six (6) rats each and were orally administered with single doses of the following treatments: a negative control group (distilled water, 10 ml/kg), a positive control group (dexamethasone, 0.27 mg/kg), and three test groups receiving 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of ethanol whole plant extract of Ochna afzelii respectively. The extract at the dose of 250mg/kg significantly (p˂0.05) inhibited paw inflammation at 2 hrs post antigen exposure compared to1 hr post antigen exposure of the same 250mg/kg group (within group comparison). The extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg also significantly (p˂0.05) reduced paw edema induced by histamine, with the 1000 mg/kg dose showing effects comparable to dexamethasone. Ethanol whole plant extract of O. afzelii possess immune mediated anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar rats and this justifies the traditional use of the plant in management of anaphylactic disorders.
subject: Articles
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Ibrahim Mu'azzamu Aliyu
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim Mu'azzamu Aliyu https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2024-12-29
publication date: 2024-12-29
starting page: 1893
ending page: 1905
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v4i6.3

Assessing the influence of oils on the level of parasitemia following infection with Plasmodium berghei in a murine model
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description: In some cultures, the consumption of oils is thought to predispose one to malaria attack. Therefore, this study sought to investigate this belief by examining the effects of some commonly consumed oils on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The oils were extracted from their respective food sources using cold maceration method and their physicochemical properties were determined using instrumental methods. Next, a survey of the consumption patterns of oily foods among 230 adults was conducted using a questionnaire. Subsequently, forty (40) albino mice were randomly divided into 8 groups of 5 animals each, with each group receiving either the human equivalent doses (HEDs) of one oil or double that (DHED) for two weeks before infection. The control groups received distilled water. Afterwards, each experimental animal was inoculated with 1 × 10^7 of chloroquine-sensitive P. berghei-infected packed red blood cells through intraperitoneal injection. The treatment was continued once daily for one week. Thin smears stained with Giemsa were prepared from tail blood samples collected on the 4th-day post-inoculation to monitor parasitemia levels. There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in parasitaemia in animals treated with the HEDs of groundnut oil, and both the HED and DHED of coconut oil while Scumbia fish oil caused a significant reduction in parasitaemia at DHED. Coconut oil and Scumbia fish oil may possess antimalarial activities, contrary to the belief that consuming all oils may predispose one to malaria attack.
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creator: Prof Ifeanyi Nzekwe
creator: Victory Chukwuebuka Okwudili
creator: Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku
creator: Jacintha Ukamaka Emeonyi
creator: Anthonia Obiageli Okeke
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Prof Ifeanyi Nzekwe, Victory Chukwuebuka Okwudili, Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku, Jacintha Ukamaka Emeonyi, Anthonia Obiageli Okeke https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2024-12-11
publication date: 2024-12-11
starting page: 1869
ending page: 1883
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v4i6.1

Preliminary study on isolation, purification and partial characterization of phospholipase A2 from a Nigerian Naja nigricolis venom
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description: Phospholipase A2 in Naja species of snake is an enzyme involved in venom toxicity. It hydrolyzes phospholipids, affecting cell membranes. Understanding its properties can contribute to venom research, offering insights into potential medical applications or antivenom development. In this study, isolation and purification of phospholipase A2 from Nigerian Naja nigricolis venom was achieved with the use of SDS-PAGE, Resource-S-Cation-Exchange Chromatography and Reverse-phase HPLC. The crude venom was also assessed for PLA2 optimum pH and temperature. A successful isolation and purification was achieved with a notable yield of 768 µg. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 13 kDa and exhibits optimal activity at a pH of 8.0 and a temperature of 500C. This purification method proves effective in isolating the enzyme, offering potential applications in research and furthering our understanding of the Nigerian Naja nigricolis venom phospholipase A2. These findings provide valuable insights into the characteristics of Naja nigricolis phospholipase A2 for potential applications in venomics and antivenomics.
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Yahaya Tijani
creator: Muhammad Ibrahim Khala
creator: Miriam Watafua
creator: Afiniki Bitrus Mbya
creator: Abubakar Shettima
creator: Mohammed Abba Dige
creator: Andrew Onu
creator: Hassan Mohammed Khala
creator: Bulama Burah
creator: Tan Choo Hock
creator: Hassan Zanna
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Yahaya Tijani, Muhammad Ibrahim Khala , Miriam Watafua, Afiniki Bitrus Mbya, Abubakar Shettima, Mohammed Abba Dige, Andrew Onu, Hassan Mohammed Khala , Bulama Burah, Tan Choo Hock, Hassan Zanna https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2024-12-30
publication date: 2024-12-30
starting page: 1906
ending page: 1917
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v4i6.4

Hepato-renal function assessments in apparently healthy undergraduate students of Edo State University Uzairue: A Pilot study
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description: The prevalence rates of chronic hepatic and renal diseases are increasing globally. Unhealthy lifestyle is a major contributor to the increasing prevalence rates. Due to the asymptomatic nature of these diseases at the early stages, diagnosis is not made early. Most studies have focused on study participants already diagnosed of these diseases; it is therefore imperative to carry out this study on apparently healthy undergraduate students who were predominantly adolescents with the view to identifying individuals at risk of these diseases. Fifty apparently healthy undergraduate students of Edo State University Uzairue, Edo State, consisting of 24 males and 26 females were randomly recruited into this cross-sectional study. They were between 16 and 25 years old. Anthropometric indices of each study participants including body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were determined using standard procedures, while BMI was calculated. Blood and pulse pressures were also determined using automatic blood pressure monitor. Plasma obtained from 5 millilitres of fasting venous blood was used for the determination of creatinine, uric acid, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). These biochemical parameters were also determined in 5 millilitres of fasting spot urine sample obtained from each participant. Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for comparison and association of variables, respectively and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Body height and plasma creatinine of participants were significantly higher in males compared with the females, whereas urinary uric acid was significantly higher in females compared with the males. In females, there was a positive association between diastolic blood pressure and body weight. While in males, diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with hip circumference. The differences in the body height, plasma creatinine and plasma uric acid in the stu…
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creator: Olulope Ajayi
creator: Anthony Moses Ugbenyen
creator: Lucky Osafanme Iserhienrhien
creator: Oluwakemi Rita Akerele
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Olulope Ajayi, Anthony Moses Ugbenyen, Lucky Osafanme Iserhienrhien, Oluwakemi Rita Akerele https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2024-11-01
publication date: 2024-11-01
starting page: 1858
ending page: 1868
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v4i5.6

Prevalence, determinants, and information sources of self-medication among non-health workers in two tertiary institutions in Southwest Nigeria: A cross-sectional study
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description: Self-medication practices pose a significant public health challenge. Understanding the factors that drive this behaviour, particularly among non-health workers' is crucial for interventions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of self-medication and identify the drivers and sources of information among non-health workers in two tertiary institutions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among consenting workers, using self-administered questionnaires to collect data on self-medication, types of medications, reasons, and sources of information. We summarised data using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 21. The level of statistical significance was set at <0.05. Of the 148 respondents, 62.8% engaged in self-medication. They used mainly analgesics (76.4%), antimalarials (72.3%), and antibiotics (58%) to self-medicate. More than half (70.9%) used herbal remedies they got from herb sellers. Common health conditions were body pain (65.5%), headache (62.8%), and malaria (59.5%). The primary reasons for self-medication were the perception of minor illness (71.6%), self-decision (49%), previous medication use (27%), and long waiting time in health facilities (26%). Most respondents (81%) reported getting information from pharmacists, relatives, and friends (70.9%). Factors associated with self-medicating with herbal remedies include having relatives as healthcare professionals (P=0.014) and ethnicity (P=0.001). Respondents having Diabetes or Hypertension are less likely to self-medicate. The prevalence of self-medication is high. The workers self-medicated majorly with prescription-only medicines (POMs), over-the-counter medicines (OTCs), and herbal remedies. The combination of these medicines could have implications for adverse effects. Family/friends serving as sources of information underscores the need for interventions to curb self-medication.
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Ebele Onwuchuluba
creator: Florence Ezinwa Nkemehule
creator: Vivian Obiageli Chuka-Ebene
creator: Sandra Uchendu
creator: Morenikeji Lateefa Saka
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Ebele Onwuchuluba, Florence Nkemehule , Vivian Chuka-Ebene, Sandra Ogochukwu , Morenikeji Saka https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 1762
ending page: 1782
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v4i5.2

Gum Arabic microencapsulated Spondia mombin particles induced delayed modulatory potential on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia
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description: Spondia mombin stems are traditionally used for managing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This study examines the impact of microencapsulation on S. mombin’s anti-BPH properties, comparing the crude and encapsulated extracts. Microencapsulated particles of S. mombin (S-Mp) were prepared using acacia gum and characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), micromeritic analysis, and dissolution studies. The anti-BPH activity of S-Mp, blank particles (B-Mp), and crude extracts was evaluated in vivo by measuring prostate-specific antigen (PSA), serum testosterone, and prostate index (PI) in male rats. SEM analysis showed larger particle sizes in S-Mp (50–80 µm) compared to B-Mp (>50) which may indicate the addition of active drug in the blank microspheres or due to other cohesive forces affecting particle size distribution, drug agglomeration. EDX revealed the presence of oxygen, sodium, carbon, and sulfur in both S-Mp and B-Mp, with significant compositional differences. FTIR analysis identified additional peaks in S-Mp, suggesting interactions with acacia gum. Micromeritic analysis demonstrated improved flow properties for S-Mp, with an angle of repose of 27.9°, compressibility index of 6.06%, and Hausner’s ratio of 1.06, indicating better handling potential. Dissolution studies revealed that S-Mp had significantly higher absorbance values compared to B-Mp at all time points, indicating enhanced dissolution rates. The absorbance of S-Mp steadily increased from 0.9085 at 5 minutes to 1.2600 at 60 minutes, while B-Mp showed lower and relatively constant values throughout. In vivo, the crude extract demonstrated dose-dependent PSA reduction, peaking at 400 mg/kg, while S-Mp showed maximum reduction at 100 mg/kg, with diminished effects at higher doses. Encapsulation delayed release and reduced overall efficacy, as reflected in the dissolution data. Serum testosterone levels also d…
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subject: Biomedical Research
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creator: Aiseosa Kingsley Igharo
creator: Didacus Nnamani
creator: Oluwasegun Adedokun
creator: Ibrahim Kehinde
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Aiseosa Kingsley Igharo, Didacus Nnamani, Oluwasegun Adedokun, Ibrahim Kehinde https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/?ref=chooser-v1
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 1804
ending page: 1835
doi: 10.54117/jcbr.v4i5.4