EFFECTS OF FEED FORMULATIONS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER TREATMENT RESIDUALS FROM FISH POND EFFLUENTS

Authors

  • Tom, C. N. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Author
  • Ugwu, E. C. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Author
  • Edet, J. A. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Author
  • Emeka-Chris, C. C. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Author
  • Orji, F. N Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Author
  • Akubue, C. O. Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria. Author

Keywords:

Formulation, Characteristics, Water, Treatment, Effluents

Abstract

Feed formulations play a significant role in determining the characteristics of water treatment residuals (WTRs) generated from fish pond effluents. Fish Pond Effluents can provide insights into the nature of the residue present, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different feed formulations on the nutrient content and pH of fish pond effluents. Two different feed formulations were used in the study: a low-protein feed and a high-protein feed. The Fish Pond Effluents were collected from fish ponds that were fed each of the two feed formulations. The nutrient content and pH of the fish were then analyzed. The results of the study showed that the feed formulation had a significant effect on the nutrient content and pH of the Fish Pond Effluents. The effluents from fish ponds that were fed the high-protein feed had a higher nutrient content and pH than the WTRs from fish ponds that were fed the low-protein feed. The findings of this study suggest that feed formulations can be used to manipulate the Fish Pond Effluents.

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Published

2026-06-30