UNIZIK Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
The UNIZIK Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (UJABE) is an online, open-access, peer-reviewed and indexed journal publication of the Department of Agricultural and Bioresources Engineering (ABE), Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. UJABE provides a platform for the publication of high-quality original research/technical papers across all areas of agricultural and biosystems engineering and related subjects. It is published in 6 issues annually. Key areas covered by the journal are agricultural power and machinery; agricultural process engineering; food engineering; post-harvest engineering; soil and water engineering; environmental engineering; agricultural structures and environmental control; waste management; aquacultural engineering; animal production engineering; and the emerging technology areas of information and communications technology (ICT) applications, computer-based simulation, instrumentation and process control, CAD/CAM systems, biotechnology, emerging technologies, nanotechnology and renewable energy. The journal also considers relevant manuscripts from related disciplines such as other fields of engineering, food science and technology, physical sciences, agriculture and environmental sciences.
UNIZIK JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING
EVALUATING THE COMPARATIVE THERMAL SENSITIVITY OF MORPHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus l.) UNDER GRADED NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS STRESS
Thermal infrared (TIR) imaging is a proven non-invasive technique for detecting abiotic stress in crops through canopy temperature variations; however, limited quantitative evidence exists on which morphological parameter exhibits the strongest thermal response. This study addressed this gap by evaluating four traits: leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves, in greenhouse-grown cucumber under graded nitrogen-phosphorus (N-P) stress over 44 days. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four blocks (A, B, C, D) and four treatments was used: T1 (120N/40P mg/kg), T2 (80N/30P), T3 (40N/20P), and T4 (0N/10P), with 12 replicates per treatment. Canopy temperature was measured using a calibrated UTi120s/FLIR thermal camera and processed in MATLAB, alongside periodic morphological measurements. Results showed that leaf area had the highest thermal sensitivity (F = 24.68, p < 0.001, R² = 0.5025), followed by stem diameter (F = 21.76, R² = 0.5890), number of leaves (F = 18.54, R² = 0.6697), and plant height (F = 15.82, R² = 0.6784). Maximum canopy temperature differences reached 7.1°C between T4 and T1. Tukey HSD analysis revealed that leaf area and stem diameter achieved significant discrimination in 5 of 6 treatment comparisons, including adjacent stress levels. These results establish leaf area as the primary determinant of thermal response, supporting its prioritization in precision nutrient monitoring systems.
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A PALM KERNEL CRACKER WITH INTEGRATED SEPARATING UNIT
Nigeria as a country has not met the demand for palm kernel oil production because of the constraint involved in the processing operation especially, cracking and separation of shell from the nut. In this study, a palm kernel cracker (PKC) with a separating unit was developed. The separating unit consisted of three chambers where separation takes place: the first chamber removes the particles attached to the kernel and the shell, the second and central chamber removes the broken kernel and shell while the final chamber separates the cracked and uncracked kernel in a discharge chute by means of an attached blower. The developed PKC was tested using tenera and dura varieties of palm kernel. Performance indices for evaluation were cracking efficiency, throughput capacity and percentage losses using three moisture contents (A: 7.0 - 9.0; B: 10.0 - 12.0 and C: 14.0 - 16.0% d.b.) and four speeds of operation (1600, 2200, 2400 and 2600 rpm). The results showed that the highest cracking efficiency and output capacity for tenera were 87.3% and 51 kg/h respectively at 10 - 12% (d.b.) moisture content and speed of 2200 rpm while the highest cracking efficiency and output capacity for dura were 78.8% and 45 kg/h respectively at 10-12% (d.b.) moisture content and speed of 2200 rpm. The highest percentage loss (18%) obtained for tenera was at (14 - 16% d.b.) moisture content with an operating speed of 2400 rpm, while dura variety was 21% at same moisture content and operating speed. It could be concluded that the optimal performances of the PKC was at moisture content level 10 - 12% (d.b.) and operating speed of 2200 rpm for the two varieties of palm kernel tested.
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED INFILTRATION MODELS FOR HYDROLOGICAL MODELING IN OWERRI IMO STATE, NIGERIA
Infiltration plays a critical role in hydrological modeling and irrigation system design, especially in regions with varying soil conditions and water management challenges. This study examines and evaluates the performance of three widely used infiltration models; Horton, Philip, and Green-Ampt using field data collected from Owerri North and Owerri West in Imo State, Nigeria. Soil analysis included particle size distribution, specific gravity, and moisture content. Infiltration rates were measured using a double-ring infiltrometer. Statistical tools such as coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and T-test were employed for model evaluation. Results indicated that the Green-Ampt Model offered the best predictive performance at both Orji and Ihiagwa, with closer agreement to measured infiltration rates, followed by the Philip model. Horton’s model consistently over-predicted infiltration. The research emphasizes the importance of site-specific model selection in hydrological modelling for improved water resource management.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CHICKEN AND TURKEY MANURE ON SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES IN SANDY LOAM SOIL
This study described the response of soil hydraulic parameters to chicken and turkey manure. A soil-manure mix ratio of 5:1 was used for the experiment. Samples were labelled CMM for chicken manure and TMM for turkey manure. A third sample without manure was labelled control. All soil samples were kept under a controlled environment for 12 weeks. Soil samples were collected and analyzed at intervals of 4 weeks for bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), water retention capacity (WHC), and total organic carbon (TOC). Soil textural properties and manure nutrient composition were also analyzed. Standard methods were used for all analyses. Results show that the soil is of loamy sand textural classification and that both amendment materials improved bulk density significantly <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>p</m:r><m:r><0.001)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> relative to the control. The mean bulk densities (CMM – 1.25 g/cm3; TMM – 1.19 g/cm3) were found to be within the recommended values for loamy soils. Although the amendments changed WHC and Ksat values, the difference compared to the reference soil was not significant <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>p</m:r><m:r>>0.05</m:r></m:e></m:d><m:r>. </m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> Mean values of bulk density, WHC (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r><90%)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , and Ksat (22.06 cm/day) of the amended soils indicate that both manures improve soil hydraulic and organic matter properties, and selection between the them will depend on availability.
EFFECTS OF TOPO POSITION ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOIL AT EZEAGU AREA OF ENUGU STATE, SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA.
Topographic position is a key landscape control on soil redistribution and the spatial organization of soil physicochemical properties along hillslopes. This study examined the influence of topo-position (upper, middle, and bottom slopes) on selected soil physico-chemical properties in Olo, Ezeagu Local Government Area, Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria. A stratified transect sampling design was applied across three representative topo positions. Transects extended from crest to foot slope and soil samples were collected at a uniform depth of 0 – 20 cm using a stainless steel, soil auger and core samplers at 20 m intervals. A total of 27 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at Nine sampling points on each topo position. The samples were subjected to laboratory analyses using standard procedures, and data were evaluated using Analysis of Variance and correlation analysis with spatial variability discussed using Coefficients of Variation (CV). Results showed systematic topo position controls on soil physico-chemical properties. Particle Size Distribution showed low variability (CV < 15%) with sand content decreasing downslope (24.70–20.40%) and clay content increasing (39.90–44.80%). Bulk Density and total porosity also exhibited low variability (CV < 2%), declining downslope from 1.35 to 1.31 g cm⁻³ and increasing from 48.93 to 50.52%, respectively reflecting relatively uniform soil structural conditions across the topo positions. Soil pH showed low variability (CV = 5.27%) and increased downslope from moderately to slightly acidic conditions (5.77–6.40). Organic Carbon displayed moderate variability (CV ≈ 21%), which was highest at the middle slope (1.09%), suggesting partial deposition and stabilization zones. In contrast, total nitrogen (CV = 51.70%) and Available Phosphorus (CV = 82.65%) exhibited high variability with pronounced downslope declines from 0.18% to 0.07% and from 11.20 to 2.80 mg kg⁻¹ respectively. This shows strong sensitivity of nutrient pools to slope-driven redistribution. Cation exchange capacity showed low variability (CV < 10%) and was highest at the middle slope (5.60 cmol kg⁻¹). These findings emphasize that topo-position exerts strong control over both physical redistribution and chemical differentiation along the hillslope.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF PIG DUNG AND POULTRY DROPPINGS FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION IN A BATCH DIGESTION SYSTEM
The rapid expansion of livestock production in Nigeria has led to the generation of large quantities of organic waste, presenting significant environmental and waste management challenges. Anaerobic co-digestion offers a sustainable approach for converting mixed livestock wastes into renewable biogas while simultaneously addressing waste disposal concerns. This study evaluated the biogas production performance of co-digested pig dung and poultry droppings at Vision Farm, Ogbeke Nike, Enugu State, Nigeria (6.52°N, 7.55°E). A batch anaerobic digestion experiment was conducted using a 3.5 m³ PVC biodigester. The digester was charged with 656.26 kg of mixed substrates diluted with 1968.75 L of water at a water to waste ratio of 3:1, with 75% of the digester volume occupied by slurry and the remaining 25% serving as gas headspace. Biogas production was monitored daily for 30 days using the water displacement method. Ambient temperature, slurry temperature, and slurry pH were recorded daily. Cumulative biogas production reached 6452.6 L with an average daily yield of 215.1 Ld⁻¹. Peak production of 571.5 L was recorded on day 14. Ambient temperature ranged from 30.5 - 37.0 °C, slurry temperature from 35.0 - 47.0 °C, and pH from 6.03 to 6.90, all consistent with favorable mesophilic conditions for methanogenic microbial activity. Flammable gas was confirmed from day 8, indicating active methane formation. These results demonstrate that anaerobic codigestion of pig and poultry wastes can effectively generate renewable energy for farm applications under tropical conditions.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MOTORIZED COCOYAM CHIPPING MACHINE
The performance of a motorized cocoyam chipping machine developed at the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike was evaluated. The machine comprises of the following major parts namely, the main frame, housing, chipping plate and the power transmission unit. Two varieties of cocoyam tubers from Colocasia esculenta species, NCe 001 (coco India) with average geometric mean diameter (3.20 cm), sphericity (0.81), weight (98.05 g), moisture content (48.97 %) and NCe 002 (ede ofe green) with the average geometric mean diameter (3.42 cm), sphericity (0.76), weight (87.14 g), moisture content (52.06 %) were used for the evaluation. The machine was evaluated using 5 kg of cocoyam tubers for capacity and efficiency at five varying speeds of 300, 325, 350, 375 and 400 rpm. The results obtained showed that the capacity of the machine increases with the speed, while the efficiency increases with speed up to 375 rpm, but beyond that level, it drops. The highest capacity of 195.04 kg/hr was obtained at speed of 400 rpm, but 92 % efficiency was obtained at 375 rpm. Evaluation of the effect of feed rates and chute clearance on the capacity of the chipper was also carried out using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in 3 x 5 factorial with three levels of feeding chute clearance (0.07, 0.09 and 0.12 m) and five levels of feed rate (2.5, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2 and 3.5 kg/min) in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The results of the statistical analysis showed that both the feed rate from 2.5 to 3.5 kg/min and the chute clearance from 0.07 to 0.12 m had a highly significant effect at 1% level on the capacity of the chipper
BIOREMEDIATION OF TOTAL MONOCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN OIL-BASED DRILL CUTTINGS USING POWDERED
Oil-based drill cuttings (OBDCs) contain high concentrations of toxic total monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TMAHs), making them among the most hazardous wastes produced during petroleum exploration. This study evaluated the potential of powdered Eichhornia crassipes as a natural organic amendment for enhancing the bioremediation of TMAHs in OBDCs. A completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatment levels was adopted, consisting of a control (0 g) and four amendment levels (30 g, 50 g, 70 g, and 90 g) of dried water hyacinth powder mixed with 1000 g of loamy soil and 500 g of contaminated drill cuttings. Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), soil pH, and TMAH concentrations were monitored throughout a 50-day aerobic remediation period. Results showed a significant increase in microbial activity in the amended treatments, with THB counts of (3.95 × 10³ cfu/g) reaching their peak on Day 30. The highest reduction in TMAH concentration (96.36%) occurred in the 90 g treatment, while the control recorded only 30.48% reduction. The amendment also helped maintain a favourable soil pH for microbial activity. Statistical analysis indicated that amendment dosage and remediation period significantly affected remediation efficiency (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that Eichhornia crassipes can serve as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable amendment for remediating hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.
INFLUENCE OF COARSE AGGREGATE SHAPES ON THE WORKABILITY AND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
This study investigated the effect of coarse aggregate shape on the compressive strength and density of concrete. Five aggregate types—angular, elongated, smooth-rounded, flaky, and a control mix—were used to cast 60 concrete cubes using a 1:3:6 mix ratio and a water-cement ratio of 0.5. The cubes were cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, after which their average compressive strength and density were determined. The results showed that compressive strength for all aggregate types increased with curing age. The control aggregate produced the highest strength values, reaching 26.01 N/mm² at 28 days, followed by angular and flaky aggregates, which achieved 18.28 N/mm² and 18.16 N/mm², respectively. Elongated and smooth rounded aggregates yielded lower 28-day strengths of 16.36 N/mm² and 16.98 N/mm². Density measurements also varied with aggregate shape and curing time, ranging from approximately 2099 kg/m³ to 2432 kg/m³. The study concludes that aggregate shape significantly influences concrete properties, with angular and control aggregates providing superior compressive strength compared to other shapes.
TRANSPORTATION CHALLENGES IN POSTHARVEST HANDLING: IMPLICATIONS FOR QUALITY, SAFETY, AND LOSSES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN DEVELOPING NATIONS
This study examines the impacts of transportation on post-harvest quality of agricultural products, particularly focusing on the effect of poor transport systems on products’ deterioration and economic losses. A systematic review of related literature on the subject was utilized in this work. Evidence from the scholarly materials points to the fact that freshness, safety, and marketability of agricultural products are all impacted by transportation, which is an essential link between producing locations, storage facilities, and marketplaces. Conversely, in Nigeria, transportation-related problems in agricultural production include poor road networks, insufficient logistics organization, inadequate cold-chain facilities, and lack of handling facilities. These had resulted in substantial post-harvest losses, especially for perishable farm products like fruits, roots, vegetables, fish and animal products. These elements lower the nutritional and aesthetic value of produce by causing biochemical deterioration, microbial infection, and mechanical damage. The study also revealed that enhancing packaging systems, temperature control, and transportation infrastructure are important ways to reduce losses. Ultimately, the research concludes that well-organized and sustainable transportation structures are essential to improving agricultural products’ nutritional quality, storability, and profitability for economic growth and food security.
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A GROUNDNUT CAKE EXTRUDER WITH VARIABLE DIE GEOMETRY
Groundnut cake (kulikuli) is a protein-rich snack widely consumed in Nigeria, but its traditional production methods are labor-intensive, unhygienic and unsuitable for large-scale processing. This study presents the design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a locally developed groundnut cake extruder equipped with variable die geometry. A single-screw extruder was designed and fabricated using locally available materials and fitted with three interchangeable die shapes: circular, square and inverted (which is a die whose opening is shaped in a reversed orientation influencing the shape and physical properties of the extruded groundnut cake). A randomized experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of screw speed (7 rpm, 9 rpm and 11 rpm), moisture content (5.04%, 7.04% and 10.65%) and die shape on extrusion performance and product quality. Statistical analysis was carried out using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results indicated that screw speed, moisture content and die shape significantly influenced extrusion capacity, bulk density, expansion ratio and specific length of the extrudates (P < 0.05). Model adequacy and predictive capability were confirmed using coefficients of determination (R² ≥ 0.60), adjusted and predicted R², adequate precision ratios and error analysis parameters. The extruder recorded an average extrusion capacity of 12.30 kg/h with high extruding and cutting efficiencies. Optimum performance was achieved at a screw speed of 9 rpm, moisture content of 7.04%, and circular die shape, which produced groundnut cake with relatively low bulk density, improved expansion ratio, uniform shape and stable extrusion flow. The results demonstrate that the designed and fabricated machine is suitable for hygienic, efficient and small-to-medium scale production of groundnut cake.
MODELING OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP IN ABIA AND IMO STATE, NIGERIA
Rainfall–runoff relationships play a critical role in hydrological analysis, flood prediction, erosion control, and water resources management, particularly in humid tropical environments such as Nigeria. This study evaluated the relationship between rainfall and runoff in Abia and Imo states, southeastern Nigeria, using long-term hydro-meteorological data spanning 25 years (1984–2009). Rainfall and associated climatological variables were analyzed, and runoff was estimated using two modelling approaches: linear regression analysis and fuzzy logic modelling. Monthly rainfall exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern, with peak values occurring between June and September, corresponding to higher runoff generation. Model performance assessment revealed that both approaches adequately simulated runoff responses; however, the fuzzy logic model demonstrated superior predictive capability with a lower average relative error of 13.40%, compared to 21.07% obtained from the regression model. The results confirm rainfall as the dominant factor influencing runoff generation in the study area and highlight the effectiveness of fuzzy logic techniques in capturing nonlinearity and uncertainty inherent in hydrological systems. The developed models provide a reliable framework for runoff prediction and can support erosion control planning, flood mitigation, and sustainable water resource management in southeastern Nigeria.
KINETIC EVALUATION OF THE EPOXIDATION OF LUFFA CYLINDRICA M. SEED OIL UTILIZING LUFFA FIBRE CATALYST
The catalytic valorization of biomass offers a sustainable route for bio-epoxide production. Conventional epoxides produced with non-renewable catalysts pose environmental risks, exhibit poor biodegradability, and incur high production costs. However, Luffa cylindrica fibres have not been explored as precursors for heterogeneous epoxidation catalysts, and the epoxidation of luffa seed oil under catalytic kinetic regimes remains under-investigated. In this study, luffa fibre was sulfonated and converted into a heterogeneous nanocatalyst for the epoxidation of oleic-rich luffa seed oil (LSO). Catalyst activation increased the BET surface area from 294.28 to 353.29 m² g⁻¹ and expanded pore size from 2.69 to 3.13 nm, enhancing reactant diffusion and active site accessibility. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed nano-scale spherical agglomerates, while XRD confirmed crystallite formation (~45 nm) and improved lattice ordering. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) analysis verified the presence of acidic functional groups, and TGA demonstrated thermal stability up to ~420°C. Epoxidation achieved a maximum oxirane value of 5.21 mol at 65°C. Kinetic analysis showed pseudo-first-order behavior with rate constants of 0.0392–0.222 h⁻¹ between 328–338 K, while thermodynamic parameters (Ea = 14.44 kJ mol⁻¹; ΔH = 14.44 kJ mol⁻¹; ΔS = −21.75 cal mol⁻¹ K⁻¹) indicate an endothermic and ordered transition state.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CRUDE OIL DEGRADATION DYNAMICS IN SALTWATER AND FRESHWATER UNDER BATCH REACTOR CONDITIONS
The fate of crude oil in stagnant aquatic systems was investigated through laboratory experiments supported by mathematical modeling. Two cylindrical batch reactors of equal capacity were filled with 1.5 m³ of freshwater and saltwater, and each system was contaminated with 250 cm³ of crude oil. Six control valves were installed at uniform depth intervals for sequential sampling over a 42-day period at 7-day intervals. Physicochemical parameters, Total Bacterial Counts (TBC), and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations were assessed. Modeling of hydrocarbon dispersion and degradation was performed using a developed Dispersion–Degradation Model incorporating both first-order biodegradation kinetics and Monod parameters. TBC increased progressively in both systems, with a slow microbial response in saltwater until day 26, followed by exponential growth in both water types between days 35 and 40. First-order kinetic degradation rates (kd) were 0.0034 day⁻¹ in freshwater and 0.00213 day⁻¹ in saltwater, showing greater microbial degradation in freshwater. Monod-based model predictions deviated significantly from measured TPH data, while first-order kinetics closely correlated with experimental values. Findings suggest that crude oil breakdown is more efficient in freshwater due to reduced microbial inhibition relative to salinity effects. The study provides essential information for decision-making on remediation technologies in freshwater versus marine spill sites.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION ON THE SHORT-TERM PRESERVATION OF COW, GOAT, AND SOY MILK
storage was investigated. Fresh milk samples were pasteurized at 72 oC and NaCl at concentrations of 0.004, 0.008, 0.012, and 0.016 g/ml were added at three replicates, then stored for five days under controlled conditions. Parameters evaluated included boiling point elevation, pH, viscosity, and electrical conductivity. Boiling point elevation increased progressively with NaCl concentration, reaching maximum values of approximately 19°C in Cow milk, 17.4°C in Goat milk, and 14.4°C in Soy milk at the highest concentration by Day 5, indicating enhanced thermal stability. pH trend was dependent on the milk type that is dairy and plant milk. Cow and Goat milk exhibited increasing pH during storage, whereas Soy milk showed acidification. Statistical analysis showed that NaCl had no significant effect on pH (p > 0.05), suggesting that storage time and intrinsic milk composition were dominant factors. Viscosity increased in all milk types over time, but higher NaCl concentrations significantly moderated viscosity development in Soy and Goat milk (p < 0.05), whereas Cow milk viscosity was less affected. Electrical conductivity increased remarkably with NaCl concentration (p < 0.001), reflecting enhanced ionic content, with Soy milk exhibiting the highest values. These results demonstrate that sodium chloride modifies thermal stability, flow behavior, and ionic characteristics of both dairy and plant-based milk systems. The study highlights NaCl’s effectiveness as a preservative while emphasizing the need for optimized concentrations to maintain quality and minimize adverse effects on the properties studied.
INFLUENCE OF HYDROPHOBIC FLUID (PALM OIL) VARIETIES ON HYGROSCOPIC POTENTIALS OF FOUR VARIETIES OF CASSAVA GARRI AT VARYING STORAGE TEMPERATURES
This study examined the effects of palm oil varieties (Dura and Pisfera) and their quantities (15 ml, 30 ml, and 45 ml) on the hygroscopic properties of four garri varieties (Poundable, Gamechanger, TMS 1632, and TME 419) at temperatures of 35°C, 45°C, and 55°C. Moisture absorption was assessed by placing 5 g samples of each garri in water baths set at the specified temperatures. The weight of each sample was measured at 30-minute intervals until three consecutive measurements indicated equilibrium. Results revealed that palm oil significantly (p<0.05) reduced moisture absorption across all samples, with Dura oil generally providing a more effective moisture barrier than Pisfera. At 45 ml, Dura oil caused a slight increase (11.63%) in moisture uptake, suggesting saturation, while Pisfera stabilized, indicating different chemical interactions. TME 419 exhibited the lowest (1.8%) moisture absorption, demonstrating superior resistance, whereas TMS 1632 absorbed the most moisture. Elevated temperatures increased moisture uptake, especially in control samples without oil. Kinetic parameters (absorption rate constant, K1 and absorption capacity, K2) varied with temperature and variety, reflecting changes in diffusion rates. The K1 for Pisfera oil decreased from 19.67358 at 35°C to 7.388 at 55°C, while Dura oil decreased from 17.41483 to 10.866 over the same temperature range; conversely, K2 for Pisfera increased from 0.058013 to 0.096799, whereas Dura’s capacity decreased from 0.112241 to 0.058681 with rising temperature. Activation energy analyses showed Dura oil created a more resistant barrier, with values of 1.21 J/mol (TMS 1632), -0.5595 J/mol (TME 419), -0.4489 J/mol (Poundable), and 1.45 J/mol (Gamechanger). The findings suggest that palm oil improves garri’s moisture resistance, with Dura oil being more effective, especially at lower quantities, informing optimal storage practices in humid environments.
ASSESSING TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND CRUDE OIL DEGRADATION RATE IN WATER ENVIRONMENTS
Understanding the effect of temperature on crude oil degradation is critical for optimizing remediation strategies in aquatic environments. This study investigates how temperature variation impacts physicochemical parameters and biodegradation time in crude oil contaminated freshwater and saltwater systems using a controlled batch reactor design. Experimental reactors containing crude oil contaminated environment subjected to a temperature range of 15 120 °C and monitored over varying contact periods. Key physicochemical parameters analyzed included total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, total hardness (TH), chloride, alkalinity, sulphate, pH, nitrate, turbidity, oil and grease (OAG) and dissolved oxygen (DO). Conductivity generally declined with prolonged contact time, while TH showed a continuous decline, suggesting mineral precipitation and consumption during microbial activity. pH decreased progressively with temperature rise, which is consistent with increased microbial metabolic byproducts. Nitrate concentration declined in both systems, indicating its utilization as a nutrient source for microbial degradation. Overall, crude oil degradation occurred faster in saltwater compared to freshwater, attributed to ionic strength and better microbial adaptation. These findings highlight that temperature and contact time are critical determinants of degradation kinetics, making them essential considerations for designing in-situ and ex-situ remediation systems.
ASSESSMENT OF SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OKE-OYI IRRIGATION SCHEME FOR SUITABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Irrigation applications have impacts on soil properties and these impacts may be negative on soil, crop and groundwater quality. This could be as a result of the quality of water used, method of application and the nature of the soil viz the chemical composition of the soil. Soil quality analysis at phase 1I of Oke-Oyi irrigation scheme was carried out in the study. Twelve soil sampling points were considered from different locations around the irrigation scheme. Soil samples were collected at the rooting depths (0-20, 20-60 and 60-100cm) of the crops planted making a total 36 samples. The soil samples were collected in October, 2020 through September, 2021 using soil auger. A random sampling method was used to sample soil and the soil samples were taken to the laboratory for chemical analysis. The chemical analysis results revealed that the soil pH of the baseline data (2013) and the field data were moderately acidic to neutral. The pH of both baseline (2013) and field data ranged from 5.30 to 6.87 and 5.12 to 6.81, respectively. The average organic carbon (OC) for both baseline and field data ranged from 0.14 to 0.27% and 0.12 to 0.20% of the entire soil nutrients relating to soil fertility. There is a little decrease in the level of organic carbon compared with the baseline data. Available phosphorous content of the soil is high and larger from 20.276 to 28.342mg/l for the baseline data (2013) and for the field data, it ranged from 18.20 to 22.01mg/l. Sodium, which determines the sodicity status of a soil is generally low for both baseline and field data, and ranged from 0.15 to 0.65me/l and 0.12 to 0.47me/l, respectively. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) value of both baseline and field data ranged from 5.90 to 10.0% and 2.63 to 9.06%, slightly decreased for both data. The calcium in the soils is generally moderate and ranged from 4.36 to 6.22me/l and 2.86 to 4.16me/l for both baseline and field data, respectively. Magnesium which has been the dominant cation in the study ranged from 1.16 to 2.26me/l and 1.09 to 2.11me/l for both baseline and field data. The organic matter of the soil is moderate for both baseline and field data, ranging from 0.13 to 0.17% and 0.11 to 0.16%, respectively, due to rapid rate of organic matter decomposition as a result of available moisture during irrigation. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil for both data ranged from 4.76 to 5.52me/l. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ranged from 0.10 to 0.32 meg/l. In 2011, rice yield decreased from 85,000 kg to 77,000 kg in 2012 and subsequently, decreased to 70,000 kg in 2013. Therefore, the study concluded that there is a need for proper monitoring of the soil condition in the irrigation scheme to prevent further deterioration of the soils since some changes have been observed compared to the baseline data.
EFFECT OF TILLAGE METHODS ON YIELD AND GROWTH PERFORMANCES OF TWO MAIZE VARIETIES IN SANDY- LOAM SOIL IN OWERRI IMO STATE NIGERIA
The effect of tillage methods on yield and growth performances of two maize varieties in sandy loam soil in Owerri, Imo State was studied. The results of the study were statistically analyzed using randomized complete block design (RCBD). The least significant difference was determined at P < 0.05 level to the test difference between four main treatments; ploughing T1, harrowing T2, ploughing and harrowing combination T3 and no-till T4 with white and yellow maize P1 and P2 respectively were considered within each tillage methods. The estimated marginal mean for plant height (cm) was recorded; for ploughing operation (152.45cm for white maize and 151.06cm for yellow maize), for harrowing operation (148.36cm for white maize and 147.65cm for yellow maize), for ploughing and harrowing combination (154.66cm for white maize and 153.56cm for yellow maize), for no-till (147.84cm for white and 145.64 cm for yellow maize). The results showed highest values were recorded for ploughing and harrowing combination, followed by ploughing operation, harrowing operation and lastly no-till. Also, the white maize variety recorded higher values for maize height (cm) at maturity, stem girth (cm), grain weight (g), number of grain per ear, maize weight (g) and maize yield (t/ha); as follows 154.66cm, 4.55cm, 235g, 543, 42.34g, and 12.24t/ha respectively for ploughing and harrowing combination as against yellow maize variety of 153.56cm, 4.35cm, 234g, 541, 40.25g, and 10.11t/ha respectively. The study therefore recommends ploughing and harrowing combination method for increase production of maize.
EVALUATION OF GRAVEL AS A GROWTH MEDIUM ON WATER QUALITY, FISH PERFORMANCE AND GREEN PEPPER YIELD IN A MEDIA BASED AQUAPONICS SYSTEM IN AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE
Aquaculture has been a sustained source of food security and poverty alleviation for Nigerian families. While fish and vegetables have long been staples of Nigerian meals, aquaponics is a relatively recent practice in the country. The objective of this research was to examine the impact of gravel as a growth medium on water quality metrics, plant output, and fish production in a media-based aquaponics system. The fish tanks were stocked with catfish (Clarias gariepinus), while the gravel growth bed was filled with pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants. Over the course of the 24-week research period, weekly observations of pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and temperature were made in order to assess the water quality parameters. Data on biomass accumulation, fruit yield, and plant development were recorded every week. The height of green pepper started from week 1 at 20.5cm to 32 cm at week 11 showing a steady growth, the number of leaf started from 4 in week 1 to 45 at week 11, and showing growth as well. On the other hand, the leaf area grew from 5cm2 at week 1 to 42cm2 at week 11. At the conclusion of the study, fish growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival were measured. Green pepper showed a steady growth suggesting that gravel is a good medium. The gravel media maintained a steadier pH range of 6.92. Gravel kept its pH more constant, which would be advantageous for fish culture.
IMPACTS OF DUMPSITE LEACHATE ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA AND ENVIRONS: A PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS
Groundwater contamination from improper solid waste disposal is a critical environmental issue in urban areas like Awka South Local Government Area (LGA), Anambra State, Nigeria, where rapid population growth and inadequate waste management exacerbate leachate infiltration into aquifers. This study evaluates the impact of dumpsite leachate on groundwater quality by analyzing physicochemical parameters (hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, potential of hydrogen (pH), Total dissolved sold (TDS), and turbidity) and heavy metals (lead, mercury, chromium, and arsenic) in groundwater and leachate samples from six locations: Amawbia, Agu-Awka, Ifite Awka, Okpuno, Amaenyi, and Amansea. Samples were collected from boreholes, wells, and dumpsite runoff, analyzed using standard methods (APHA, 2017), and compared against World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) irrigation standards. Results indicate that groundwater physicochemical parameters largely comply with WHO limits, with minor exceedances in pH (e.g., Ifite Awka 6.33) and turbidity (up to 2.114 NTU). Leachates exhibit greater deviations, including acidic pH (6.14–6.52), high turbidity (up to 5.891 NTU), and elevated nitrates (up to 47.807 mg/l), suggesting landfill influence. Heavy metal concentrations frequently exceed WHO health-based limits, with lead (up to 0.267 mg/l), mercury (up to 1.352 mg/l), chromium (up to 2.706 mg/l/), and arsenic (up to 0.231 mg/l) posing toxicity and carcinogenic risks for drinking. For irrigation, most parameters meet FAO guidelines, except some chromium and arsenic in leachates. The study highlights significant groundwater contamination risks from leachate, particularly heavy metals, necessitating remediation, improved waste management, and geospatial monitoring to protect public health and agricultural sustainability in Awka South LGA.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATERMELON (CITRULLUS LANATUS) SEEDS RELEVANT TO PROCESSING EQUIPMENT DESIGN
This study investigated some physical characteristics of water melon seeds with the aim of utilizing them in the design of the processing machinery. Commonly applied techniques were employed to determine the length (mm), width (mm), thickness (mm), 1000-unit mass/mass (g), arithmetic mean diameter (mm), geometric mean diameter (mm), sphericity, surface area (mm), volume (mm3), true density, bulk density, porosity, static coefficient of friction of squash seeds at 7.5% moisture content, and angle of repose. Water displacement method was used to determine the seeds volume and density, while electronic weighing balance was used to determine weight. Five different structural surfaces were used to determine the static coefficients of friction of watermelon seeds: glass fiber, plywood, glass, rubber, and galvanized metal sheet. The results showed that the length was 14.0 mm, the width was 7.07 mm, the thickness was 3.69 mm, the mass of one thousand seeds was 40.79 g, the arithmetic mean diameter was 11.02 mm, the geometric mean diameter was 9.10 mm, the sphericity was 1.99 %, the surface area was 256.10 mm2, the volume was 297.20 m3, the true density was 743.96 kg/m3, the bulk density was 567.20 kg/m3, the porosity was 60.17%, and the static coefficients of friction was 7.5. Angles of repose pouring were 40.33°, angles of repose discharging were 37.24°, glass fiber was 0.37%, plywood was 0.75%, glass was 0.45%, rubber was 0.61%, and galvanized metal sheet was 0.59%. The findings will help with an effective layout of equipment for the culinary processing industry's seeding, harvesting, processing, conveyance, classification, grouping, and casing of watermelon seeds. Therefore, it is concluded that the results of the current research will provide more information about the requirements for machines used in watermelon processing as well as handling.
EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF WATER, SANITATION, AND HYGIENE (WASH) ON COVID-19 SPREAD IN NIGERIA
Corona viruses are a large family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) (Hayk, 2020). Nigeria, with its large population and high urbanization rate, faces significant challenges in providing adequate water, sanitation and hygiene services to its citizens. Many Nigerians lack access to basic hand washing facilities with soap and water, which further increases the risk of disease transmission. The government's efforts in implementing WaSH programs have been hindered by factors such as weak governance, institutional frameworks, and infrastructure. The study focuses on the impact of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) in curtailing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. It highlights the importance of access to clean water, basic sanitation facilities, and good hygiene practices, particularly hand washing, in preventing the transmission of diseases like COVID-19. The study emphasizes that without these essential components of WaSH, the risk of outbreaks and the spread of diseases is high. Hence, information from this study will provide insights and information to guide policymakers, government agencies, and non-governmental organizations in addressing the WaSH needs in Nigeria, with a specific focus on the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the crucial role of clean water, sanitation, and hygiene in preventing the spread of diseases and improving the overall health and well-being of the population.
EFFECTS OF CROP RESIDUE-BASED BINDERS ON THE HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER LILY BRIQUETTES
Water lilies, commonly found in shallow water bodies, are found in the Niger Delta region because of the presence of rivers and streams. The study investigated the effect of binder type and concentration on the handling characteristics of water lily briquettes, produced using crop residues, namely, Cassava peels (CA), yam peels (YA), and banana peel (BA) as binders. A dwell time of 20 minutes was observed during the production of the sample briquettes, while a pressure level of 5 MPa was applied for the compaction. Based on the results, the durability of CA-bonded fuel briquettes ranged from 78.21% to 94.24%, while CA bonded and BA bonded fuel briquettes recorded durability value ranges of 77.93% – 93.03% and 75.63% – 90.29%, respectively. The relaxed density of the CA bonded fuel briquettes ranged from 0.522g/cm3 to 0.548 g/cm3, while YA bonded fuel briquettes and BA bonded fuel briquettes recorded relaxed density range of 0.521 g/cm3 to 0.533 g/cm3 and 0.513 g/cm3 to 0.518 g/cm3, respectively. A general improvement of handling properties was recorded with increment of binder concentration. Fuel briquettes with less than 90% durability are not recommended for production as they do not meet threshold strength for handling, by standard (DIN 51731:1996-10).
GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF DRAINAGE NETWORK SYSTEMS IN UYO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, AKWA IBOM STATE.
There are numerous effects of natural disaster like flooding in different places all over the world. However, the application of GIS and remote sensing technology to map out these areas vulnerable to flood makes it easy to plan measures, aimed at mitigating flood damages and risks involved. The study aimed at identifying drainage network systems within flood vulnerable areas in Uyo LGA with a view to suggesting control measures. The GIS software, ArcMap 10.4 environment, Landsat-8 OLI and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) images of 2022 of the area were used to select slope, land use, drainage network, and soil layers. Annual rainfall data were acquired from NASA/NiMET. The DEM was used to generate slope, flow direction, flow accumulation, stream network and distance from water channel. Flood vulnerability impact map was produced identifying high, moderate, and low vulnerable areas. Flood mapping was done to determine flood locations based on a 3D terrain assessment from where the drainage network system was developed. Factors that influence drainage in the study area were: hydrological factors, water management factors, and institutional factors. The mean annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 4426 mm to 4927 mm. The flood vulnerability increases with the increase in rainfall. The mean annual rainfall classes in the study area were categorized into: very low, Low, moderate, high, respectively. However, the region is characterized by high slope angle and elevation. As such, all flood waters easily flow downstream to many parts of Ekamba Nsukkara and Idu communities, putting them at a high risk of floods.
LINEARIZATION OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION RATE IN NIGERIA USING AGRO-CLIMATIC DATA FOR COMPARING REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MODELS
The study presents Linearization of Evapotranspiration Rate in Nigeria using Agro-Climatic Data for Comparing Reference Evapotranspiration Models in order to prevent over or under irrigation by farmers, which could have a detrimental impact on crop yields. Agro-climatic data from 2013 to 2024 were gathered and examined for this study. Minimum and maximum temperatures (oC), relative humidity (%), wind speed (km/day), sunlight (hr/day), and radiation (MJ/m2/day) were the data collected. Using the mean monthly agro-climatic data for the six chosen agro climatic weather stations in Nigeria [North-East (Yola), North-West (Sokoto), North-Central (Lokoja), South-East (Enugu), South-West (Lagos), and South-South (Port-Harcourt)], and FAO Penman-Monteith model was utilized as a universal standard model to calculate the mean monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo). The mean monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated using five different evapotranspiration models (Priestley-Taylor model, Thornth-Waite model, Hargreaves model, ASCE-Penman Monteith model, and Blaney-Criddle model). The results were then compared with the standard FAO Penman-Monteith model. The FAO Penman-Monteith model's estimates and the reference ETo estimates from the five models were compared using statistical regressions. According to the findings, the six agro-climatic weather stations' mean monthly average ETo estimates from the FAO Penman Monteith model, Priestley-Taylor model, Thornth-Waite model, Hargreaves model, ASCE-Penman Monteith model, and Blaney-Criddle model were, respectively, 6.48, 7.66, 14.14, 11.16, 5.57, and 3.70 mm/day. The ASCE-Penman Monteith model, which has a strong correlation with the FAO Penman-Monteith model, was the strongest predictor; the Priestley-Taylor model was the second-best. The Blaney-Criddle model significantly overestimated the FAO Penman-Monteith model, whilst the Thornth-Waite and Hargreaves models yielded underestimated ET values. The models exhibit significant diversity and the relationship between them is location-dependent. The ASCE-Penman Monteith model and Priestley-Taylor model can be used in the absence of FAO 56 Penman-Monteith model. Both Blaney-Criddle model, Thornth-Waite and Hargreaves model are not suitable for use for regional water resource planning and accurate agricultural water management.
ANALYZING THE WATER QUALITY OF RIVER NIGER FOR IRRIGATED FARMING AT THE SHONGA IRRIGATION SCHEME
In order to assess the water's appropriateness for crop production at Shonga Irrigation Scheme (250 hectares have been currently used), the study was conducted to look into a number of parameters required to assess common irrigation water quality issues. Twelve water samples were taken at random from River Niger; six each at upstream and downstream, thoroughly mixed in two separate bottles, making a total of two representative samples. Both physical and chemical parameters were assessed. Total nitrogen was measured using a modified micro Kjedahl method, colour was analyzed visually using a set of platinum-cobalt standards in Nessler tubes, and pH was measured using a glass electrode pH meter in soil-water and soil-KCL filtrates. Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), exchangeable cations using a flame analyzer following extraction with neutral ammonium acetate, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) using an empirical model were used to measure turbidity. Results of analysis revealed that water samples 1 and 2 have electrical conductivities of 3.00 and 0.20 ds/m, total dissolved solids of 120.0 and 330 mg/l, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are 3.8 and 2.2, chloride are 1.95 mg/l and 1.50 mg/l, and boron are 1.50 mg/l and 1.80 mg/l, and sodium are 11.3 and 9.12 mg/l, nitrate (N03-N) are 0.60 mg/l and 0.20 mg/l, phosphate (P04-P) are 1.57 mg/l and 0.50 mg/l, and ammonium (NH4-N) are 0.0 mg/l and 0.30 mg/l, respectively. Thus, it can be stated that the water from River Niger in Shonga Irrigation Scheme is acceptable for irrigation and of good quality for irrigated farmland.
ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS, RELIEF, PRECIPITATION FACTORS, AND SOIL EROSION PATTERNS IN MUBI NORTH AND MUBI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Soil erosion remains a critical environmental and socio-economic challenge in Mubi North and Mubi South Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Adamawa State, Nigeria. This study assesses the relationships between geological formations, relief, precipitation factors, and soil erosion patterns to provide a comprehensive understanding of erosion dynamics in the region. The research integrates geospatial analysis, field surveys, and statistical modeling to evaluate soil erosion vulnerability. Findings reveal that sandstone-dominated areas, such as Lokuwa and Gerei, exhibit high erosion susceptibility, while granite-rich areas, including Kpasim and Gella, demonstrate greater soil stability. Relief factors, particularly slope gradients exceeding 15°, significantly influence soil erosion rates, with Wuro Gude and Muchalla identified as highly vulnerable locations. Precipitation intensity, exceeding 1200 mm annually, exacerbates erosion, particularly in Kudzum and Muva. Regression analysis indicates a strong positive correlation (R² = 0.82) between soil erosion and sandstone formations, steep slopes, and high precipitation levels. The study underscores the need for targeted soil conservation strategies, including terracing, afforestation, and controlled grazing, to mitigate erosion risks. These findings provide crucial insights for policymakers, environmental agencies, and local farmers in developing sustainable land management strategies that align with the region’s unique geological and topographical characteristics.