UNIZIK Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension
UNIZIK Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension (UJAEE) is a peer-reviewed Journal published by the Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The Journal publishes original research and review articles with the goal of contributing immensely to the Agricultural and Technology space. The areas of publication are in the field of Farm Management & Production Economics, Resource & Environmental Economics, Agricultural Business Management & Finance, Agricultural Extension Administration, Agricultural Extension Communication, Agricultural Extension Education, Rural Development, Food security, Climate-Smart Agriculture, Organic & Regenerative Agriculture, Farmer-Herder Conflict, Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture, and Nanotechnology Applications in Agriculture. ISSN: 3043-6540 (Print) and 3043-6559 (Electronic) The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the editorial board but of individual authors. The Editorial board of UNIZIK Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension (UJAEE) appreciates those who subscribe to the journal, reviewers and the consulting editors for their contributions. Authors are to send their articles through ujaee@journals.unizik.edu.ng
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension
Allocative Efficiency of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)-Based Cropping Systems in Taraba State, Nigeria
Despite numerous efforts by the Nigerian government to revitalize the production of groundnut through research, crop improvement practices and vast resources of land, there seems to be inadequate supply of groundnuts to meet both the local and international market demand. The study examined the allocative efficiency of groundnut-based cropping systems in Taraba State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 354 groundnut-based farmers using purposive and random sampling techniques using questionnaires which were administered to groundnut producers in the study area. The data collected were analysed using stochastic cost function. The Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLE) of the stochastic cost function for groundnut-based cropping systems, namely; sole groundnut, groundnut/maize, groundnut/cowpea, groundnut/sorghum/cowpea,groundnut/sorghum, groundnut/millet and groundnut/cassava show mean allocative efficiencies of 77%, 89%, 83%, 91%, 92%, 91% and 94% respectively. The elasticity of output with respect to cost of labour, cost of groundnut seed, cost of fertilizer, cost of land, cost of transportation and cost of agro-chemicals were positive and statistically significant at both 1% and 5% levels in most of the enterprises. The estimated coefficient of the cost inefficiency model revealed that membership of association, age, household size, educational level, extension visit and farming experience were the dominant sources of allocative inefficiency among the groundnut-based farmers in most of the enterprises. The study recommends that farmers should form co-operative groups in order to address high cost of labour, inadequate access to credit facilities and high cost of agro-chemical. This will help to mobilize savings and improve farmers’ efficiencies.
Copyright (c) 2026 UNIZIK Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Analyses of Users and Non-Users Of Digital Platform and Traceability Technology (DPTT) in Maize Production in Cross River State, Nigeria
Comparative analyses of users and non-users of digital platforms and traceability technologies (DPTT) in maize production was studied. The study was undertaken to achieve the following objectives: identify DPPT used by maize farmers in the area, determine the factors influencing the output of maize production in the area and compare the output of maize farmers between users and non-users of DPTT in the area. Result of analysis showed that farm size, labour input, quantity of seed, educational attainment and access to credit were significant to influence the use of DPTT. The DPTT identified in the area included: information and communication technology (ICT), blockchain, radio-frequency identification (RFID), The Internet of Things (IoT), cloud-based databases, artificial intelligence (AL) and machine learning (ML). The mean output of users of DPTT in kg was 46,100.0000 while that of non-users of DPTT was 9,550.0000 kg. The large standard deviation for users (36,107.88 kg) suggested considerable variation in their output, while non-users show much less variation (6,082.55 kg). The study concluded that the use of DPTT had positive effect on maize production in CRS. Key factors such as illiteracy, cost of DPTT, interest rate, internet connectivity and electricity were found to significantly influence the use of DPTT. Overall, DPTT has played a role in reducing poverty among maize farmers in the area, further efforts are needed to address the ongoing challenges. Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made; government should encourage a platform where users of DPTT can share knowledge, practices, and experiences with non-users to encourage the later to adopt this method of agriculture and the government should facilitate farmers' access to microfinance and low-interest loans, to enable them to acquire DPTT.
Copyright (c) 2025 UNIZIK Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment Of Socio-Economic Effects of Boko Haram Insurgency on Pastoralists in Yobe State, Nigeria
The study assessed the effects of Boko Haram insurgency on the socio-economic lives of the pastoralists in Yobe State. A three multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 300 pastoralists. Primary data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using frequency counts, percentages and mean while regression was used in testing the study’s hypothesis. The results show that 93% of the pastoralists were male and (59%) of the pastoralist were married with an age range of 30-39 years (38%). Also, the pastoralists had an annual income of above N500,000 in the study area. Based on the study findings, the study concluded that the terrorizing effect of the fundamentalist sects of Boko Haram insurgency on the socio-economic characteristics of pastoralists in Yobe state of Nigeria has become devastating livestock activities and livestock industry in the study area the results indicated that low level of education, abject poverty and absent of good government were the major causes of Boko Haram insurgency. The results further showed loss human lives and loss of livestock were the major effects of Boko Haram insurgency and the pastoralists employed crop cultivation. The study further recommends dialogue as a mean of solving insurgency in the study area and multi-dimensional security operatives should be used to curtail insurgency and restore peace and harmony experienced in the area for decades.
Impact of Taro Leaf Blight on Rural Livelihoods in Anambra State, Nigeria: A Gendered Perspective
Taro Leaf Blight (TLB), caused by Phytophthora colocasiae, poses a major threat to cocoyam production and rural livelihoods in Nigeria. This study examined farmers’ awareness, perceptions, and gendered adaptation strategies to TLB in Anambra State. Using multistage purposive sampling, 64 cocoyam farmers (52% female, 48% male) were selected from two Local Government Areas. Data were collected through semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and mean scores. Results showed high awareness of TLB among farmers, who identified symptoms such as brown patches, leaf drying, and plant death. Female and youth farmers perceived the disease as more severe than males, reflecting their closer involvement in crop care. All respondents reported negative effects of TLB on productivity, income, and living standards. Common indigenous management practices included intercropping, early planting, and the use of wood ash and crop rotation. However, limited extension contact and poor access to resistant varieties hinder effective control. The study recommends strengthening gender-responsive extension services, promoting resistant varieties, and enhancing farmer education on disease transmission and climate-smart practices to build resilient and inclusive cocoyam systems.
Influence of Business Environmental Factors on Credit Repayment among Agricultural Cooperative Members in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Poor credit repayment rates often jeopardise the long-term viability of agricultural cooperatives, which are essential for providing credit in rural areas of Nigeria. Recent studies have theorised that business environmental factors could be responsible for the poor repayment rates. Against this backdrop, this study examined the effect of environmental factors of business on agricultural cooperative members’ credit repayment rate in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Using a descriptive survey design, data were obtained from a sample of 214 cooperative members and analysed using descriptive statistics and a multiple regression model. On the loan default rate, the results revealed that 50% of members paid back less than 20% of their loans, and 83.6% paid back 40% or less when they were due. Adverse business environment (β = 0.646; p = 0.032), natural disasters (β = 7.207; p = 0.004) and political and conflict circumstances (β = 2.498; p = 0.043) were significant predictors of repayment rate. The study recommends affordable insurance for agricultural cooperatives to mitigate consequences of natural disasters.
Economics of Groundnut Marketing in Northern Taraba State, Nigeria
The study examined the economics of groundnut marketing in the northern part of Taraba State, Nigeria, with specific focus on Ardo-Kola and Zing Local Government Areas. The objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of groundnut marketers, analyze the marketing margin, identify the marketing channels, and examine the constraints associated with groundnut marketing. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 184 respondents proportionally from the population of groundnut marketers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics and the marketing margin model. Findings revealed that the majority (61%) of the respondents were female and married, with an average age of 42 years. Most (65%) had household sizes ranging from 6–10 persons, possessed formal education, and had between 6–10 years of marketing experience. The study further showed that 40% of respondents earned between ₦100,000 and ₦150,000 annually and sourced groundnuts directly from farmers. Analysis of marketing margins indicated that groundnut marketing is profitable, with Zing LGA recording a higher gross margin of ₦98,269.39 compared to ₦89,767.69 in Ardo-Kola LGA. Zing marketers also realized a higher net margin (₦31,446.14) than those in Ardo-Kola (₦23,938.05). The main constraint identified was inadequate access to storage and processing facilities, which reduces marketing efficiency and profitability. Based on these findings, the study recommends that government and development partners should invest in improved storage and processing infrastructure to reduce post-harvest losses and enhance value addition. Capacity-building programs should target female marketers to strengthen their business and record-keeping skills. Additionally, strengthening rural road networks and market linkages between producers and marketers will further enhance profit margins, while improving access to microcredit facilities will enable marketers to expand their operations and increase competitiveness.
Macroeconomic Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on Yam productivity in Nigeria
An analysis of the effects of climate change (CC) on yam productivity was carried out. The years' analysis covered from 1991 to 2022. The work assessed the influence of variables-rainfall, temperature, carbon dioxide emissions, sunshine duration, and relative humidity influenced yam productivity. Secondary data was analysed by using econometric models such as Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) tests. The findings showed the R2 value of 0.993, accompanied by an adjusted R2 of 0.96, indicate that the explanatory variables influence and sum up to account for 99.3% of the variation in Yam productivity in the period under study. This high R2 and adjusted R2 demonstrated that the model expressed the dynamics of Yam productivity. The lag of average relative humidity (LN (ARELH (-1))) shows a negative and significant effect on yam productivity with a coefficient of -0.487757 (p = 0.0343). of average annual(AN) rainfall (LN(ARF (-1))), average annual temperature (LN(ATEMP (-1))), average annual Co2 emissions (LN(ACDE (-1))), and AN relative humidity (LN(ARELH(-1))) exhibit significant impacts on yam productivity. The second lag of the inflation rate (LN(INFR(-2))) is significant and positive. The coefficient is 0.084980 (p = 0.0054), suggesting that positive inflation rates in the past positively influence yam productivity.
Gender Analysis of Actors Involved in Production, Processing and Marketing of Sweet Potato in Kwara State, Nigeria
The study examined the gender roles of actors involved in sweet potato production, processing and marketing in Kwara State, Nigeria. A three-stage sampling technique was employed to select a total of 120 respondents. Primary data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics, gross and market margin analysis and multiple regression models. The findings revealed that 85% of the producers were males, 83% of the processors were females and there was an equal share of 50% male and female marketers. The gross margin for male and female producers was ₦209,705.90 and ₦115,222.20 respectively. The male and female processors, had a gross profit margin of ₦71,000.00 and ₦52,952.00 respectively. The male and female marketers had a gross profit margin of ₦129,700.00 and ₦130,400.00 respectively. The analysis shows that the male producers and processors have greater gross margin while the female marketer has a higher gross margin than the male making the sweet potato business profitable among all the respondents in the study area. The regression result revealed that for producers, years of experience, credit accessibility, distance covered, and market price significantly affected profit margins. Among processors, years of experience, road accessibility, market price, and consumer preference were significant predictors, while age, government policy, and market price significantly influenced marketers’ profit margins. The result further showed that the major constraints faced by male and female actors include land conflict, inadequate vine, inadequate labour, bad roads, low income and cost of farm inputs. The study recommends that provision of good roads and standard vehicles for transportation should be provided to ease market accessibility.
The Global Cultivation of Climate-Resilient Crops: Addressing Contemporary Agricultural Challenges in Greenfield Development
This study examines the global cultivation of climate-resilient crops as a strategic response to contemporary agricultural challenges in Greenfield development contexts. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzed data from 156 Greenfield agricultural projects across 42 countries over a 10-year period (2014-2024). Results indicate that Greenfield sites utilizing climate-resilient crops achieved 34.7% higher yields compared to conventional varieties (p<0.001), with drought-tolerant maize showing the highest improvement at 41.2%. Economic analysis revealed that climate-resilient crops generated 28.5% higher net income per hectare, with benefit-cost ratios ranging from 2.31 to 3.84. Adoption rates varied significantly by region, with Sub-Saharan Africa leading at 67.3%, followed by South Asia at 52.8%. Policy support emerged as the strongest predictor of adoption success (β=0.742, p<0.001), while technical assistance and farmer training showed moderate positive correlations (r=0.634, p<0.05). The study confirms that climate-resilient crops significantly enhance agricultural productivity and economic sustainability in Greenfield developments, with policy frameworks and institutional support being critical success factors.
Evaluating Agri-financing Effectiveness in Sustainable Agricultural Production: Implications for Catfish Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria
The inaccessibility of credit by farmers has been identified as a limitation to sustainable agriculture. This study examined the effectiveness of Agricultural credit on the productivity of cat fish farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data collected from 150 respondents were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test and multiple regression. We confirm that only 46% of the farmers had access to credit, while, personal saving was the main source of capital for the cat fish farmers. Their average stock size, and output were 590, and 570 fishes respectively. A statistically significant difference existed between the stock size, output, casualties, and number of ponds of farmers that had access to formal credit and the farmers that had no access. Drivers of farmers’ output were marital status, sex, educational level, experience, and credit. Farmers’ access to credit was constrained by many factors. We recommend that Government and financial institutions should partner with legal aid organizations or government agencies to streamline the process of acquiring documentation to assist fish farmers in obtaining the necessary legal documents required for securing loans. Also, the fish farmers should form/strengthen cooperative groups among themselves to facilitate access to finance.
Determinants of Soil Additive Application by Farmers in Delta State: An Economic and Extension Perspective
This study examines the determinants of soil additive use by farmers in Delta State, Nigeria, in the context of declining soil fertility from intensive cultivation. Using a multi stage random sampling procedure, 238 farmers were surveyed. Results show that 64.7% of respondents primarily used inorganic fertilizer; other additives reported included organic manure (12.1%), wood ash (6.8%), lime (4.5%), and other materials (8.3%); 6.1% used no additives. The main barriers to additive use were high prices (mean = 4.79), low income (mean = 4.74), and product scarcity (mean = 4.69). Cost benefit analysis indicated that users of soil additives earned an average income of N180,000 per hectare compared with N95,000 for non-users, producing net returns of N115,000 and N50,000 respectively. A binary logistic regression identified five significant determinants of soil additive use: educational level, farm size, extension contact, household size (negative effect), and monthly income. The model yielded χ2 = 226.792 (p < 0.01), a correct classification rate of 72.6%, and Nagelkerke R2 = 0.589. The evidence points to the need for strengthened farmer education, improved extension outreach, and policy measures that increase access and affordability of soil additives to support sustainable crop productivity in the region.
Effect of Food Security Status on Economic Efficiency Among Small Scale Broiler Producers in Southern Taraba State Nigeria
This study examined the effect of food security status on economic efficiency among small-scale broiler producers in Southern Taraba State, Nigeria. Specifically, it described the socioeconomic characteristics of broiler farmers, assessed their food security status, analyzed the cost and returns of broiler production, and analyzed effect of food security on broiler production. Primary data were collected from 138 respondents using a structured questionnaire through a multi-stage sampling technique. Analytical tools employed included descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, food security index, enterprise budgeting, and the stochastic frontier production function. Results showed that the average age of broiler farmers was 35 years, with most having formal education and moderate household sizes. About 76.8% of households were food secure, with a food security index of 2.7 and an average daily calorie intake significantly above the recommended threshold. Profitability indicators such as a net return on investment of 1.4 and a profitability index of 0.6 confirmed that broiler production is economically viable and the average economic efficiency was estimated at 66%. Key determinants of economic efficiency included cost of day-old chicks (0.7718191), feed (0.1091954), water (-0.0318129), and litter material (0.0118794), while age (-0.0043665), sex (0.0612589), household size (0.0099204), and food security status (0.1173318) significantly influenced inefficiency. The study concludes that food security enhances broiler producers’ economic efficiency, with food-secure farmers performing better than food-insecure ones. It recommends policies enhancing farmers’ welfare, stable input supply, feed management training, and credit access to improve both food security and production efficiency in the study area.
Climate Change and Vegetable Farming in Anambra State: Risks and Resilience
Systems for producing vegetables are seriously threatened by climate change, especially in areas where agriculture is a vital source of income. The purpose of this study was to assess farmers' adaptation tactics and examine how climate change is affecting vegetable production in Anambra State, Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data from 128 vegetable farmers in four villages that produce bitter and fragrant leaves. To address the study's goals, a 4-point Likert scale, Ordinary Least square regression analysis, and descriptive statistics were used. The results showed that the majority of farmers in the study area were married women with one to ten years of farming experience and a secondary degree. The annual income of vegetable producers was greatly impacted by socioeconomic factors, including the area of the cropland and educational attainment. Unsuitable soil conditions, poorer farm revenues, decreased yields, and water scarcity were among the negative effects of climate change that were thought to exist. Zero or minimal tillage, less fertilizer, organic manure application, better irrigation systems, controlled bush burning, ridge construction, mechanical insect control, and vegetable processing were among the adaptation techniques farmers used. The study underlines the need for focused interventions to improve farmers' adaptation capacity and guarantee the sustainability of this vital industry while highlighting the susceptibility of vegetable production systems to the effects of climate change.
Contribution of Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) on the Livelihood of Women Groundnut Farmers in Donga Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria
The study examined the Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) on the livelihood of women groundnut farmers in Donga Local Government Area (LGA), Taraba State. The objectives were to examine the level of contribution participation in VSLAs had on the livelihood of women groundnut farmers, determine factors influencing women groundnut farmers’ participation in VSLA. Multistage random sampling technique was used in sampling a total of 84 participating women groundnut farmers in Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Among respondents, 91.7% were active VSLA members, contributing varying amounts per cycle with a mean contribution of N38, 332.83 and interest of N34, 106.64 (representing 88.98% of the mean savings at the end of a circle). The result showed that 67.9% of the loan accessed from the pooled savings was used for farming purposes, while proceeds from the savings after a circle was used in supporting livelihood in the purchase of Christmas groceries, payment of children school fees and purchase of food items, ranking 1st, 2nd and 3rd, respectively. Regression analysis reveals significant predictors of VSLA membership to include age, education, farming experience, and income from groundnut farming at p < 0.01, and farm size at p<0.05. Constraints such as limited funds, inadequate training/capacity building and poor management of pooled funds were the leading challenges to women groundnut farmers participation in the association. It was concluded that VSLAs are a good source of funding for their farming activities and a good investment opportunity, the return of which contributed to their livelihood. The study recommended the need for targeted interventions to ensure access to funding, enhance financial literacy, promote participation in VSLAs and improve their agricultural production.
A Review of Agricultural Development, Trends and Policy’s Impact on Nigerian Food Security and Nutrition from 2015–2025
The study focused on a decade (2015–2025) trend analysis of Nigerian food security and nutrition. Secondary data were employed to collect agriculture’s share of Nigeria’s annual budgetary allocations, agriculture’s GDP share, malnutrition rates, Human Development Index (HDI), and food price inflation (Consumer Price Index). Data were analysed using trend analysis. Results showed that despite continued government efforts since 1972, Nigeria has not achieved food self-sufficiency. Rising food insecurity, malnutrition, and inflation indicate persistent systemic challenges. The study concludes that food security and nutrition remain unachieved despite numerous agricultural policies. It recommends that the Nigerian government allocate at least 10% of the national budget to agriculture to foster sustainable growth, employment, food security, export earnings, and improved life expectancy and per capita income. Rigorous monitoring and evaluation of agricultural projects are also advised.
Technical, Allocative and Economic Efficiency of Maize Seeds Beneficiaries of SAA/KSADP in Kano State, Nigeria
This study analyzed the technical, allocative and economic efficiency of maize seed producers who are beneficiaries of the KSADP/SAA initiative in Kano State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 156 randomly chosen beneficiaries using structured questionnaire. The analysis employed descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier analysis. Findings revealed that the average was 47.27 years with majority (98.72%, 98.08% and 84.72%) being male, married and possessing some form of formal education respectively. The mean score for technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of 0.92, 1.08 and 0.99 respectively. It was further found that age, gender and years of experience were significant predictors of technical inefficiency (all at P<0.01). While allocative efficiency was affected by age, gender, educational level and years of experience. The study concludes that the beneficiaries effectively allocate their resources. It is recommended that low-interest credit is required to enable them upscale their production to make seeds available at affordable price to farmers.
Effects of Cattle Rustling on Agro-Pastoralists in Danko-Wasagu Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria
The general objective of this study was to assess the effects of cattle rustling on agro-pastoralists in Danko-Wasagu LGA, Kebbi State. The study also aims to investigate the losses incurred before and after cattle rustling, and identify intervention mechanisms adopted to address cattle rustling in the study area. The study utilized a multi-stage sampling technique. A sample size of 183 respondents was proportionately drawn from a sampling frame of 3,650 agro-pastoralists. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) to summarize responses and a paired t-test to compare losses before and after cattle rustling attacks. Results indicated that a majority of respondents (95.1%) were engaged in livestock production as their primary occupation. A large proportion of respondents (92.3%) reported that seasonal movement in search of water and pasture was the main factor associated with cattle rustling. Most of the respondents also reported loss of lives (83.1%) and cattle (95.6%) as the greater effect of cattle raiding in their communities. The t-test revealed a significant difference was recorded by the agro-pastoralist before and after cattle rustling. This study recommends that stakeholders establish appropriate reforms on grazing reserves in relation to access to pasture and water. The government should adequately facilitate the security personnel with sufficient equipment, training, and the use of technological advances to boost their capacity to curb cattle rustling.
Analysis of selected Production Variables in yam Production in Northern Agricultural Zone, Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examined selected production variables that affect small-scale yam farmers in the Northern Agricultural Zone, Cross River State, Nigeria. The objectives were to determine how selected production variables affect yam production, identify the constraints in yam production, and describe strategies used by yam farmers to improve yam production. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select a total of one hundred and eighty-nine (189) small-scale yam farmers. Data were gathered using a well-structured questionnaire. The collected data were examined through the application of descriptive statistical methods and regression analyses. Regression analysis revealed that the major resources that significantly affected yam production were fertilizers, herbicides, and farm size. The primary yam production constraints identified by farmers were the high cost of agrochemicals, inadequate access to credit facilities, high cost of labour, poor transportation networks, inadequate capital, and low prices for the yam produced. The findings revealed that early weeding, planting of healthy seedlings, and early harvesting to obtain additional yam crowns were strategies adopted by farmers to improve yam production. The study recommends that yam farmers join cooperatives for better loan access, expand cultivation areas to increase yield, reduce excessive herbicide use, increase fertilizer application, and collaborate with the government and private sector to improve infrastructure and market linkages and reduce postharvest losses.
Effects of NRCRI Training Programmes on the Farmers Utilization of Improved Cassava Technologies in the Host Communities in Abia State, Nigeria
The National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, despite her commitments on research and development activities, has been training and empowering farmers in Nigeria on improved root and tuber crops technologies for food security and poverty alleviation in the country. Many States in Nigeria have been trained and empowered on improved cassava technologies, including Abia State. The study was conducted to assess the effects of the training programmes conducted by NRCRI, Umudike to farmers in Abia State Nigeria. Multi stage sampling technique was used in the study. Two Local government Areas, Ikwuano and Umuahia South, were purposively selected for the study because they were trained and empowered as the host of NRCRI, Umudike. About 120 farmers were randomly selected and interviewed with a structured questionnaire, the data collected were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics The result showed that majority of the farmers were between the age of 31-50 years and majority are female and married. The level of utilization of NRCRI improved Cassava production technologies was low (X 2.09), also the level of improved cassava value addition technologies was not high (X2.04). with the mean of 2.50. The result showed a significant and positive effect of the training on the welfare status of the farmers in food and education with the mean (3.0 and 2.64). The coefficient of Education, Age, income and farm size were the major determinants of utilization of improved cassava technologies in the study area. The level of utilization of the technologies was low. It was recommended that the trainers should follow up or revisit the farmers to find out why the utilization was low.
Effectiveness of Digital Extension Services in Enhancing Rural Development for Households in Kebbi State
This study examined the effectiveness of digital extension services in enhancing rural development among farming households in Kebbi State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 343 respondents across Kebbi State’s four agricultural zones. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and logistic regression models. Results from the socio-economic analysis revealed that (60.1%) of respondents lacked access to digital extension services, while (75.2%) had some form of formal education and (82.5%) had more than five years of farming experience. A majority operated on 1–3 hectares of farmland and (65%) lacked access to credit, indicating limited financial capacity. Findings on accessibility and utilization showed that (61.2%) of respondents owned digital devices, primarily basic mobile phones (92.9%), yet only (42.9%) had internet connectivity. Awareness and utilization of digital extension services were low, at (37.9%) and (28.0%), respectively. Among users, the most common platforms included SMS-based agricultural information (73.7%), mobile farming applications (52.6%), and social media groups (42.1%). Paired t-test results demonstrated that users of digital extension services had significantly higher mean yields (3,850 kg/ha) and annual farm incomes (₦850,000) compared to non-users (2,920 kg/ha and ₦630,000, respectively) at p < 0.01. Users also reported greater access to market information (82.5%) and use of improved inputs (77.9%) than non-users (45.8%) and (50.4%), respectively). These findings indicate that digital extension services substantially improve agricultural productivity and income. Logistic regression results identified education level (β = 0.158, p = 0.001), farm size (β = 0.093, p = 0.002), access to credit (β = 0.564, p = 0.042), membership in farmer groups (β = 0.732, p = 0.012), and access to digital tools (β = 0.847, p = 0.006) as significant predictors of adoption. Farmers with higher education, larger farms, better financial access, and group membership were more likely to use digital extension services, while age and farming experience were not significant predictors. The study concludes that digital extension services have a positive and statistically significant effect on farmers’ productivity, income, and technology adoption in Kebbi State. To maximize their potentials, the study recommends targeted interventions such as digital literacy training, improved ICT infrastructure, affordable internet access, localized digital content in local languages, and expanded access to credit for smallholder farmers.
Effect of Credit Acquisition and Repayment on the Productivity of Smallholder Crop Farmers in Ardo-Kola LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria
This study examined the effect of credit acquisition and repayment on the productivity of smallholder crop farmers in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State. The specific objectives were to assess farmers’ accessibility to credit facilities, determine the extent of credit utilization, evaluate the effect of credit acquisition on crop productivity, and identify the challenges associated with credit repayment in the area. A combination of simple random sampling and snowball techniques was used to select respondents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. Findings revealed that most of the respondents (71.3%) were male and within the economically active age bracket, while 57.4% possessed at least a Senior Secondary School Certificate. Credit accessibility was generally low, as farmers reported frequent denial of loan applications and stringent acquisition requirements by financial institutions. The study also showed that 59.6% of the respondents were unable to fully utilize the credit obtained due to procedural complexities and delays. Furthermore, credit acquisition did not lead to substantial improvement in crop productivity, indicating a weak linkage between loan access and farm output among the respondents. High interest rates, short repayment periods, and limited grace periods were identified as major challenges affecting credit repayment performance. The study concludes that inadequate access to credit and unfavorable repayment conditions significantly constrain the productivity of smallholder crop farmers in Ardo-Kola. Strengthened agricultural credit policies, reduced interest rates, and simplified loan procedures are recommended to enhance farmers’ financial inclusion and productivity outcomes.
Assessment of Farmers’ Knowledge Acquisition from Agricultural Technologies Broadcasted on Nasarawa Broadcasting Radio in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
The study was to assess farmers’ knowledge acquisition from agricultural technologies broadcasted on Nasarawa Broadcasting Radio in Nasarawa State. A multi stage sampling procedure was applied to select 209 farmers. The data were collected through structured questionnaire which were analysed using simple descriptive statistics. The result of the analysis revealed that majority (29.2%) were between the ages of 31- 40 years, male (86.1%), married (50.71%), having tertiary education (58.0%), with mean household size of 11 person, having an annual farm income of between ℕ100,001- ℕ200,000 with mean farming experience of 14.5 years, having a farm size of between 0- 5 hectares. Majority (70. 8%) were members of a cooperative groups and almost all (95,7) had radio set. The study identified two agricultural programmes presented by NBS radio weekly. The result of the study further shows technologies such as timely planting of crops (x̄ =4, 80), best practices in yam production (x̄ =4.75) and reputable sources of farm input (x̄ =4.55) were considered highly relevant to farmers’ needs. The result further revealed that farmers had gained new knowledge on use of improved seeds (81.2%), proper storage methods of farm produce (77.2%) and best practices in rice production (73.3%). The study also showed that the technologies mostly adopted by the respondents includes; use of improved seeds (95.7%), proper storage of farm produce (94.7%) and best practices in rice production (93.3%). It is recommended that, the programmes should be sustained as it giving out the needed information to farmers.
Farm Demonstration of Influence of Cattle Manure Rates on the Agronomic Parameters of Three Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Varieties for Small Scale Farmers in Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria
Field experiments to investigate the influence of Cattle manure on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Varieties was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences of Federal University Wukari, Taraba State during the 2024 growing season. Treatment consists; 0t/ha,10t/ha, 15t/ha and 20t/ha rates of cattle manure and varieties were Clemson, prerana Fi and local variety and laid out in a split plot design with three replications. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters (Plant height, number of leaves per plant, and fresh pod weight). Results obtained indicated that growth and yield of okra was lowest in control treatments which showed that the cattle manure used in the study positively influenced the performance and yield of okra. Cattle manure positively increased okra plant height and number of leaves compared to control treatments. There was significant effect with in respect to number of leaves in 2024 growing season. Stem girth was significantly increased with cattle manure compared to control treatments. According to this research the experiments it could be deduced that 20t/ha cattle manure and prerana Fi seems to promote higher growth and yield of okra. Thus, it should be recommended for farmers growing okra in this zone.
The Role of Community-Based Agricultural Extension Approaches in Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods and Environmental Stewardship in Southern Taraba, Nigeria
This study examined the role of community-based agricultural extension approaches in promoting sustainable livelihoods and environmental stewardship in Southern Taraba, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was employed to select 300 respondents from 15 villages across Donga, Wukari, and Takum Local Government Areas. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and focus group discussions and analyzed using descriptive statistics and Logit regression. Results revealed varying levels of awareness and adoption of extension strategies, with Farmer Groups/Associations (90%) and Peer Learning and Farmer-to-Farmer Extension (80%) demonstrating the highest adoption rates, while Participatory Technology Development and Mobile Advisory Services recorded the lowest (30%). Major factors influencing community participation included social networks and leadership (90%), access to information (80%), government and institutional support (80%), and perceived benefits (75%). Logit regression analysis indicated that access to information (β = 1.25, p < 0.01), education level (β = 0.95, p < 0.01), social networks (β = 1.10, p < 0.01), perceived benefits (β = 1.45, p < 0.01), institutional support (β = 0.80, p < 0.01), and environmental awareness (β = 1.00, p < 0.01) were significant predictors of the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. The model exhibited a strong explanatory power (Pseudo R² = 0.78), confirming that (78%) of the variation in adoption behavior was accounted for by these variables. The study concludes that community-based agricultural extension approaches enhance the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, strengthen local institutions, and foster environmental stewardship. It recommends strengthening the capacity of extension workers through participatory training, expanding community-based outreach via mobile and local agents, and instituting participatory monitoring mechanisms to ensure context-specific, adaptive, and sustainable interventions.
Assessment of Selected Socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Use of Improved Sweetpotato Production Technologies disseminated to farmers in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
This study assessed selected socioeconomic factors influencing the use of improved sweetpotato production technologies disseminated to farmers in Ebonyi State. Multi-stage sampling and proportionate methods were used to collect data for the study. Two agricultural zones, two (2) blocks, three circles were randomly selected from the blocks and finally, the farmers were selected proportionately from the circles to give a sample size of 201 sweetpotato farmers. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such percentages, mean, and simple linear regression model. The result shows that mean of age was 37.3 years, mean education was 12 years and mean of farm size was 0.6ha. Grand mean of level of use of sweetpotato production technologies was 2.68. Linear regression result showed significant effect on sex (-2.595)**, education (4.771)***, marital status 5.370***, household (2.290)**, farming experience (4.113)***, farm size (-4.542)***, and extension visitation (3.289)*** respectively. The study concluded that the farmers used the improved sweetpotato production technologies disseminated to them in production of sweetpotato in Ebonyi State. Also, there were some socioeconomic factors influencing the use of the technologies disseminated. The study therefore, recommended that male farmers need to get actively involved in cultivation of sweetpotato and to make use of its improved production technologies to increase sweetpotato production since it was found in this study that women dominated in sweetpotato farming. Also, Extension agents in Ebonyi States Agricultural Development Programmes (ADP) of should reach out to sweetpotato farmers regularly to enable them use the technologies.
Yam Farmers’ Perceived Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Yam Production in Taraba State, Nigeria
The main objective of the study was to determine the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on yam production in Taraba State. A total of 120 respondents were purposively selected from 8 village communities of 4 local government areas of the state. The local government areas were: Wukari, Ibbi, Yorro and Zing. Data were collected on both socio-economic and farm characteristics of the respondents. Other areas include: perceived effect of COVID-19 pandemic on yam production, information needs of the respondents during COVID-19 pandemic, and constraints to adaptation strategies experienced by the respondents during COVID-19 pandemic. Data collected were analyzed using frequency and percentages, mean score, standard deviation and factor analysis. The result of the analysis revealed that the majority (72.5%) of the respondents were males and married (68.3%) and the farmers mean age was 35 years. The mean household size of the respondents was 5 persons. The pandemic had negatively affected yam production in the study area and led to decline in farm income, shortage of input supply, general outbreak of yam beetle disease. Information needs of the respondents includes: access to marketing, access to fertilizer, access to credit. Major constraints encountered by the respondents in adapting to the adverse effect of the pandemic include high cost of labour, communication/ language barrier in getting information about COVID-19 pandemic, and diversion of COVID-19 pandemic palliative meant to cushion the adverse effect of the pandemic. It was recommended that government should strengthen early warning and surveillance systems to detect and monitor emerging infectious diseases.
Copyright (c) 2024 UNIZIK Journal of Agricultural Economics and Extension https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Organizational Factors of Agricultural Cooperative Societies and their Influence on Credit Repayment of Members in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
This study investigated the influence of organizational characteristics of agricultural cooperatives on credit repayment among its members in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Given the critical role these cooperatives play in rural economies, the research aimed to identify specific organizational factors influencing loan repayment in the cooperatives. The study employed a structured questionnaire administered to 214 members across 24 cooperatives, selected through a two-stage sampling process. Data analyses include descriptive statistics and ANOVA to explore the relationships between organizational characteristics and loan repayment performance. The findings revealed that crisis and conflict management abilities significantly influenced credit repayment, with an F-ratio of 2.215 and a p-value of 0.027, indicating strong statistical significance. Similarly, training, education, and extension services showed a positive effect on repayment behaviours, evidenced by an F-ratio of 1.742 and a p-value of 0.044. Specifically, cooperatives with strong crisis management reported a 22% higher repayment rate, while those offering extensive training programs saw a 19% improvement in repayment behaviours. The study concluded that enhancing conflict resolution capabilities and educational offerings within cooperatives can lead to a marked improvement in loan repayment rates. It is recommended that crisis and conflict management skills of members, are improved through training and education.
Information and Post-Harvest Food Safety Handling Practices among Pumpkin Farmers in Ikwo Local Government Area of Ebonyi State, Nigeria
The study assessed information and post-harvest food safety handling practices among pumpkin farmers in Ikwo Local Government Area, Ebonyi State. The specific objectives of the study were to: assess post-harvest food safety handling practices, identify the sources of information on post-harvest food safety handling practice and identify the constraints faced by small-holder pumpkin farmers in post-harvest food safety handling practices. Multi-stage sampling procedure was employed for the selection of the respondents while a well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Frequency, percentage, mean and factor analysis were used for data analysis with the help of SPSS. The study found that 59.7% of pumpkin farmers were females, the mean age was approximately 47 years, 41.7% obtained primary education, 59.9% were members of social organizations. Furthermore, the study found that 68.75% of the post-harvest food safety handling practices of the respondents were incorrect. Fellow farmers, television and friends/neighbours were among credible sources of information used by the respondents. Volume/income/sensitization, weak institution/prices/ health officers/knowledge were among constraints hindering post-harvest food safety handling. Relevant authorities should ensure that pumpkin farmers have access to training and adequate supports on post-harvest food safety handling practices to prevent contamination of pumpkin products that will promote public health.
Assessment of Pesticide Use among Commodities Merchants in Oyo and Kwara State, Nigeria
The rise incidents of food-borne poison due to abuse of agrochemicals triggered this survey. Multiple samplings were used to choose respondents from commodities merchants in Oyo and Kwara states. Two local government areas (LGAs) were further selected from each of the two states using a simple random sampling technique. Subsequently, a purposive selection strategy was used to identify two (2) markets in each of the LGAs. Ultimately, a sample of eighty (80) questionnaires were randomly administered in each of the markets making a total of 640 respondents, out of which 605 were returned valid. The study found that pesticide users in the two states are predominantly female. The findings further revealed that 80.8 % and 59.4% of respondents in Oyo and Kwara States respectively know and applied Phostoxin. Conversely, less than 3% of the respondents from the two states know and applied the other pesticides investigated. About 59.5% source for information from agro-dealers. Also 62.9% and 76.8% respondents in Oyo and Kwara States respectively strongly agreed that their usage of pesticides was profit-driven. The study concluded that there is abuse in usage and handling of pesticides among respondents in the study area especially with regards to the disposal of unwanted pesticides and pesticide containers. The study recommended that relevant food safety regulatory agencies should carry out sensitization and training programmes on appropriate usage and handling practices of pesticides among commodities merchants aimed at ameliorating abuse and achieving safety of agricultural commodities.
Assessment of Poultry Farming in Kwaya Kusar Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria
The Nigerian poultry industry is essential to the country's economy, as it supports job creation and food security. However, it encounters challenges that significantly hinder its growth. Evaluating poultry farming can provide insights into the factors affecting production levels, the affordability, and accessibility of poultry products, ultimately aiding efforts to enhance food security and nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate poultry farming practices in the Kwaya Kusar Local Government Area of Borno State. Data were gathered from 99 poultry farmers using a multistage sampling technique, primarily through a structured questionnaire. Both descriptive statistics and probit regression analyses were utilized to meet the study's objectives. The socio-economic analysis indicated that the poultry farmers were predominantly in their prime working years, with an average age of 44.4 years. Most of the farmers (75.8%) were male, and their average experience in poultry farming was 7.9 years. The average household size was 8 individuals, and the average poultry flock consisted of 337 birds. Additionally, 57.6% of the farmers had access to credit and received an average of 3 extension visits per month. Regarding improved poultry practices, the study found that a significant majority of respondents adopted convenience/ventilation practices (85.86%), followed by vaccination (82.82%) and bio-security measures (77.78%). Factors influencing the adoption of these practices included poultry size, household size, cooperative society membership, and the number of extension visits. These factors significantly impacted the adoption of improved practices, with probability levels of 1%, 5%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. The study also identified challenges faced by poultry farmers, with the high cost of feed being the predominant issue (88.88%). It is recommended that the government implement funding and policies to enhance extension services in the region.