Unizik Journal of Technology, Production and Mechanical Systems
Unizik Journal of Technology, Production and Mechanical Systems (UJTPMS) is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal published by the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. UJTPMS is devoted to the promotion of excellence in theoretical and applied science research and the dissemination of research reports as tools for learning. The aim of the UJTPMS is to provide an international forum for the publication of full-length articles, reviews and short communications that contribute to the understanding of the main and related areas of technology, production and mechanical systems.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
Morphological and Tensile Behaviors of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Pectin Films Reinforced with Cassava Lignin Fibre for Food Packaging
The increasing demand for sustainable materials has driven research to renewable, easily accessible and utilization of agricultural waste. Carboxyl methylcellulose-pectin nanocomposites reinforced with cassava lignin through solution casting technique were fabricated for use in food packaging. The effects of the concentration of cassava lignin, pectin, and carboxyl methylcellulose on the tensile strength and elongation of produced films were investigated and optimized using central composite design. The morphological property was analyzed using scanning electron microscope. The result showed that addition of cassava lignin improved the tensile strength of the carboxyl methylcellulose-pectin film by 45.51% when compared with unreinforced carboxyl methylcellulose-pectin film. This indicates homogenous dispersion and distribution of the particles, as well as favorable interfacial interaction between the particles and matrix as shown in the microstructural images. Lignin fibre decreased the elongation at break of the produced films. The 1.2 wt. % of cassava lignin reinforcements show that elongation at break (EB) decreased from 70.3% to 55.4%. This could be as a result of the stiffness introduced by cassava lignin nanofiller through the creation of three-dimensional network structure in the nanocomposite film.
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Hydrogen as a Clean Energy Vector: Challenges and Barriers to Widespread Adoption
Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a pivotal clean energy vector capable of substantially advancing global decarbonization goals. As a flexible energy carrier, it can be derived from a variety of renewable and non-renewable sources and applied across multiple sectors, including transportation, industrial processes, and power generation. Its capacity to curb greenhouse gas emissions and lessen reliance on fossil fuels has driven a surge in global interest, accompanied by significant investments and supportive policy actions. Despite its potential, the widespread implementation of hydrogen energy faces several formidable challenges. These encompass technical constraints such as efficient storage, safe transport, and the development of supportive infrastructure; economic issues tied to high production costs and limited market competitiveness; environmental concerns regarding lifecycle emissions and the sustainability of different hydrogen production pathways; and regulatory and social barriers including fragmented policy frameworks, safety regulations, and public perception. Overcoming these interconnected barriers is vital for harnessing hydrogen’s full role in the energy transition. This chapter offers a strategic roadmap for advancing hydrogen deployment by emphasizing technological innovation, coherent policy frameworks, international cooperation, and targeted financial investments. Through an integrated analysis of the hydrogen energy ecosystem and actionable strategies, this work aims to inform stakeholders, support evidence-based policymaking, and expedite the adoption of hydrogen as a foundational component of a sustainable and resilient global energy system.
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Performance and Emission Analysis of Biodiesel Blends in Diesel Engines: Comprehensive Review
This review takes a closer look at how biodiesel blends perform in diesel engines, with a focus on their potential as cleaner and more sustainable alternatives to traditional fossil fuels. Biodiesel, which is made from renewable sources like vegetable oils and animal fats, offers key environmental advantages most notably, lower greenhouse gas emissions and better biodegradability. Drawing from both experimental research and simulation studies, the review explores how various blend ratios (B10 to B50) affect engine behavior, including fuel efficiency, combustion characteristics, and overall performance. It also compares emissions of major pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and particulate matter (PM) with those from conventional diesel. The results generally show that biodiesel blends help reduce CO, HC, and PM emissions, although they tend to increase NOₓ emissions, likely due to higher oxygen content and combustion temperatures. At lower blend levels, engine performance stays close to that of pure diesel, with only slight drops observed at higher blends. The review also discusses practical concerns like oxidation stability, cold weather performance, and long-term effects on engine parts. Overall, the findings suggest that biodiesel blends are a promising step toward cleaner transportation, though there are still technical challenges to overcome and areas that call for further study and innovation.
Comparative study of shaking table and dense medium separation for improved lithium recovery from Udawa ore, Kaduna state, Nigeria
This study aims to optimize lithium recovery from Udawa Pegmatite using two beneficiation techniques: gravity separation with a Wilfley shaking table and dense medium separation (DMS). The ore, containing 3.03% Li₂O, was processed across three particle size ranges: -500 +250 μm, -250 +125 μm, and -125 +90 μm. The results from the Shaking Table tests indicated that the -250 +125 μm range provided the best recovery, with the concentrate assay improving to 4.25% Li₂O from 3.03% in the feed. The -500 +250 μm range showed a moderate recovery with a concentrate assay of 3.61% Li₂O, and the -125 +90 μm range produced a higher concentrate weight, but the assay dropped to 3.75% Li₂O, with a greater lithium loss in the tailings (2.05% Li₂O). For DMS, the -250 +125 μm range again yielded the best recovery with a concentrate assay of 3.70% Li₂O and minimal lithium in the tailings (1.04% Li₂O). The -500 +250 μm range produced a moderate concentrate assay of 3.63% Li₂O, while the -125 +90 μm range showed a 3.68% Li₂O concentrate, with higher lithium content in the tailings (1.14% Li₂O). This research highlights the -250 +125 μm sieve range as the optimal range for both methods, offering the best trade-off between lithium recovery, concentrate grade, and particle size. Shaking table performed slightly better for coarser materials, while DMS showed better performance with finer particles. The study provides essential insights for developing a more efficient and sustainable lithium beneficiation process in Nigeria, contributing to the country’s economic growth and the global transition to renewable energy solutions
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Polyaniline–Tin-Oxide Nanocomposite for Device Application
In this research, polyaniline (PANI) and tin (iv) oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles and polyaniline/SnO2 nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by chemically oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of hydrochloric acid using ammonium persulfate as an oxidizing agent. The purpose of this study is to synthesize and investigate polyaniline/tin (iv) oxide nanocomposite for optoelectronics application. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized to ascertain possible applications of the nanocomposites. The x- ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out using x-ray diffraction machine. The results of the structural analysis showed that the formed polyaniline is a polymer, while SnO2 showed tetragonal rutile phase. The average crystallite size of was obtained for SnO2. PANI/SnO2 nanocomposites have structural pattern of tetragonal rutile phase and an average crystallite size range between and were obtained. The obtained results in this study revealed good results which are comparable with results obtained by other researchers in literature. These results obtained suggest the possibility of using the material in optoelectronics devices like LEDs, solar cells, transducers, and photodetectors.
Experimental Analysis of Combustion Properties of Tropical Wood Waste for Energy Production in Nigeria
Renewable energy is becoming more and more well-known, with a focus on how it could replace fossil fuels. In Nigeria, sawmills that sell wood produce a lot of wood waste. This study, therefore, will focus on the experimental analysis of combustion properties of tropical wood waste for energy production in Nigeria. Okwen (Barchystegia spp.), danta (Nesogordonia paraverifera), afara (Terminalia superba), yukumo (kiranico), and altonia (Alstonia spp.) were collected from a sawmill in Benin, Edo State, and used as the samples. The moisture content, calorific values, and combustion analysis of the wood samples were determined. The findings indicated that the wood samples have a percentage moisture content that ranged from 7.26% to 7.70%. Similarly, the samples were also found to have high calorific values, the values being 30,516.81 kJ/kg to 30,738.38 kJ/kg. Besides, the combustion performance of the samples also revealed that the amount of carbon (IV) oxide released to the atmosphere during combustion is extremely low (18% to 22%). Therefore, rather of being disposed of, which could contaminate our environment, the wood waste samples produced in sawmills around Nigeria could be used to generate energy
Economic analysis of poultry meat production process for maximum profitability: A case study approach
The study investigates the optimization of poultry meat production strategies at X Farms Ltd, evaluating three production strategies: dressed chicken carcasses only, four chicken parts/sets only, and a mixed strategy. The research strategy employed is a combination of qualitative, quantitative, and mathematical models development methods. The results show that while the dressed chicken carcasses strategy yields the highest total profit (N527,515,639), the mixed strategy offers the highest return on unit investment (N3828/N1000). The study highlights the importance of considering factors such as waste management, profitability, and return on investment in choosing a production strategy. The findings suggest that farmers can optimize their production strategies and ensure sustainability of their business by prioritizing their resources and market conditions. Besides, by improving efficiency and reducing meat waste, farmers can increase profitability, enhance product quality, and reduce their environmental footprint. Moreso, application of economic analysis in poultry meat production can help poultry farms respond better to changing market conditions, consumer preferences, and environmental regulations. It can as well help poultry farms improve their overall performance
Effect of Chemical Treatment and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Impact Strength of Miscanthus Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites Tailored for Helmet Applications
The quest for the use of natural fibers in the reinforcement of polymers has risen due to various advantages of natural fibers over their synthetic counterparts. This study investigated the effects of chemical treatment and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the impact strength of miscanthus fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites tailored for helmet application. Water retting was employed to extract the fibers from the stems of miscanthus grass. The extracted fibers were washed, chemically treated, oven-dried, pulverized, and sieved to a fine particle size. Titanium dioxide nanoparticle contents of 5 wt% to 20 wt%, an interval of 5%, were used. Miscanthus fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite samples, with or without titanium dioxide nanoparticles, were produced via the injection molding process. The impact test on the set of composite samples was conducted by ISO 179 standards. The results indicated that the chemically treated miscanthus fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite had a better impact strength than the untreated miscanthus fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite. The addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhanced the impact strength of the composite. This study concludes that chemical treatment of miscanthus fibers and the addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles are needed to enhance the mechanical properties of miscanthus fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite tailored for helmet application
Copyright (c) 2025 Unizik Journal of Technology, Production and Mechanical Systems https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design, Optimization, and Determination of Lift and Drag forces of NACA Aerofoils for Enhanced Performance
The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) aerofoil shapes are widely used in aviation for wings, tails, and rotor blades but face challenges such as low lift, high drag, and poor stall behavior, leading to increased fuel consumption and accident risks. This study analyzes and optimizes the aerodynamic performance of NACA 4415, 2412, and 0015 aerofoils using XFLR5, considering parameters like wingspan, chord length, and thickness. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis and optimization tools in XFLR5 were used to evaluate and enhance performance. Results show that the modified NACA 4415, with higher camber, achieved the highest lift coefficient (Cl = 1.472) with an 8.47% improvement, a 52.11% reduction in drag, and an optimized lift-to-drag ratio of 48.34 (135.8% improvement), making it ideal for high-lift applications such as small aircraft and model planes. NACA 2412, with moderate camber, demonstrated a balanced performance with a Cl of 1.259 (3.71% improvement), a 47.41% drag reduction, and the highest lift-to-drag ratio of 50.163 (122.93% improvement), making it suitable for light aircraft, sailplanes, and aerodynamic research. NACA 0015, a symmetric aerofoil, exhibited the lowest lift coefficient (Cl = 1.033, 16.07% increase), 47.31% drag reduction, and the lowest lift-to-drag ratio of 36.903 (74.06% improvement), making it suitable for applications such as helicopter rotors, wind turbine blades, and marine technologies. The optimization results, showing convergence for most angles of attack except at 0° for all aerofoils, likely due to numerical instability or insufficient flow separation data. Additionally, NACA 0015 fails to converge at α = 13° and α = 14° due to excessive flow separation and vortex shedding, leading to unsteady aerodynamic forces that cause divergence in the solution. NACA 4415 and NACA 2412, while generally stable, exhibit minor convergence issues at α = 14° and α = 15°, respectively, likely due to the onset of stall, causing unsteady flow behavior. At α = 15°, the simulation converges, but NACA 0015 shows a sharp drop in Cl (0.445) and a Cd increase (0.152), confirming high drag due to stall effects, limiting its aerodynamic efficiency at high α. These modifications significantly enhance aerodynamic efficiency, improving fuel economy and performance across various aviation and engineering applications.
Effects of Ambient Conditions on the Performance of Gas Turbine: A Parametric Analysis
Gas turbine performance is greatly dependent on ambient environmental conditions, specifically pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. In this paper, the performance of a gas turbine power plant is studied using a parametric analysis. Thermodynamic relationships were used to develop mathematical models that simulated the performance of the gas turbine under varying operating conditions; ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). The gas turbine used in the simulation is located at the Ughelli Transcorp power plant in Nigeria. The simulation was carried out using Runge-Kutta method, and the model shows that operational parameters like AT and RH significantly impact a gas turbine power plant's performance. The findings indicate that increasing the RH from 40% to 50% reduces cycle efficiency by 0.022 % while increasing power output. A 25% increase in RH results in a 55% increase in compression power consumption. Furthermore, the power output and thermal efficiency increase as the AT and RH increase. The findings indicate that both AT and RH have a significant impact on the overall performance of the gas turbine plant. As a result, the thermodynamic parameters are economically feasible in terms of cycle performance and advantageous for gas turbine operations.
Evaluating the Dynamics of Contractors’ Tender for Construction Projects: Insights from PCA, Clustering, and Robust Regression
The tendering process is a critical determinant of project success in the construction industry, particularly in Nigeria, where indigenous contractors face numerous challenges in securing government and foreign contracts. This study examines the dynamics influencing contractors’ tender decisions by employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and robust regression modeling. Data were obtained through structured interviews with experienced professionals, who rated 50 decision-making factors affecting tender submissions. PCA reduced data dimensionality, revealing that a few core components, such as organizational capacity, market conditions, and project risks explain the majority of variance in contractor decisions. Hierarchical clustering identified contractor segmentation based on tender priorities, while robust regression showed a statistically significant relationship between mid-tier factor scores (medium_scores) and overall tender viability. Although limited in scale, the findings offer preliminary insights into predictive, simplified metrics for tender evaluation. This research contributes theoretically by integrating advanced analytical methods into tendering studies and practically by offering actionable insights to contractors, policymakers, and stakeholders aiming to enhance the competitiveness and transparency of the procurement process in Nigeria’s construction sector. The study underscores the need for standardized evaluation criteria, capacity-building, and data-driven decision-support systems in tender management.
Temperature-Driven Dynamics of Small Spherical Particle Adhesion on Submerged Substrates: Mechanisms and Interfacial Interactions
Understanding the adhesion dynamics of small spherical particles on submerged substrates is crucial for various applications in colloidal science, materials engineering, and industrial processes. This study investigates the force required to initiate the rolling motion of glass spheres on an inclined glass surface in water and ethanol, examining the effect of temperature on this force. The results confirm the presence of van der Waals attractions between the spheres and the substrate, which are weakened by thermal energy. As temperature increased, the liquid matrices expanded, reducing density while decreasing the angle of inclination needed for particle motion. This reduction was attributed to a decrease in the coefficient of friction with rising temperature. The Hamaker coefficient, derived from the experimental data, ranged from 1.986 × 10⁻¹⁵ to 5.296 × 10⁻¹⁵ mJ/m² in water and 2.262 × 10⁻¹⁵ to 5.278 × 10⁻¹⁵ mJ/m² in ethanol, suggest agreement with literature values and showing a tendency to increase with temperature. Similarly, the coefficient of friction decreased from 0.0680 to 0.0400 in water and from 0.0480 to 0.0326 in ethanol, further supports the role of thermal energy in modifying interfacial interactions. These findings provide insights into the thermally driven adhesion mechanisms of submerged particles, with implications for optimizing material handling, coating technologies, and microfluidic systems
Evaluation of Carbonized Hamburger Seed Shells for Methylene Blue Dye Removal: Adsorption Efficiency and Dose-Response Analysis
This study evaluates the adsorption efficiency of carbonized and potassium hydroxide (KOH), activated hamburger seed shells (CPAHS) for methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized for surface area, fixed carbon content, ash content, volatile matter, and functional groups to determine its suitability for adsorption applications. The data employed in this study was primary data obtained from experimental methods, which involved gathering, preparing, and analysing chemicals and raw materials in a laboratory. To evaluate the impact of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and contact time on removal efficiency, batch adsorption studies were carried out. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze the functional groups and surface morphology of CPAHS. Results indicated that CPAHS exhibited a high surface area (400.9–548.6 m²/g) and significant adsorption capacity, with the optimal pH for dye removal identified between 6 and 8. The adsorption process was analyzed using a four-parameter log-logistic function, with dose-response modelling revealing an Effective Dose (ED)₅₀ value indicative of efficient adsorption at moderate CPAHS concentrations. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting a chemisorption-dominated mechanism. Furthermore, a first-order decay model demonstrated that dye concentration reduction was most rapid at near-neutral pH levels. These findings highlight the potential of CPAHS as a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment. The study underscores the value of utilizing agro-waste materials for pollutant removal, contributing to both waste management and water purification efforts
Design of an induced roller magnetic separator for mineral value addition
Material separation is critical in value addition process especially in mining and other related industry. There are several methods employed in separating material into different classes. Magnetic separator as a separation technique/method leverages the magnetic properties of materials and is employed in various industries, including mineral processing industries, recycling, and resource recovery. Researchers and Engineers have conducted numerous studies to comprehend how different types of paramagnetic minerals behave when separated using various separator technologies. However, despite these efforts, these separators have not been widely adopted for processing different paramagnetic minerals because most of the existing induced roller magnetic separator have poor efficiency, cost-effectiveness and adaptability for different paramagnetic minerals. This paper examines the current state of these separators, providing an overview of their operational mechanisms, practical uses, and theoretical models. It goes further to design an induced roller magnetic separator after considering various factors such as magnetic susceptibility, cost, adaptability and performance efficiency, while observing certain industry specifications. The resulting design will be able produce a magnetic field of about 2.2 Tesla that can be used to separate certain minerals for a reasonable period of time. Further implementation and modification of this design will hope to yield an increase in the extraction and processing of various minerals internally within Nigeria, minimizing dependence on importation of machines, providing jobs and improving the economic status of this country
Influence of particle size and loading variations on the tensile properties of Newbouldia laevis fibre particle reinforced polyester composite
This study investigated the tensile properties of Newbouldia laevis fibre particle-reinforced polyester composites as potential sustainable eco-friendly replacement materials for synthetic fibres in lightweight polymer composite applications. The bulk density of the fibre was found to be 0.098 g/cm3. The tensile properties of fibre particle polyester composites fabricated on the basis of varying fibre particle sizes and fibre particle loading were examined. The results revealed an increase in the tensile and yield strengths increased as the particle size decreased. Additionally, the tensile strength, yield strength, and elastic modulus decreased as the fibre particle loading increased. Furthermore, the maximum tensile and yield strengths obtained from the 10 wt% fibre particle-loaded composite were 31.35 N/mm2 and 31.277 N/mm2, respectively. The results obtained from this study reveal that Newbouldia laevis fibre particles are suitable reinforcement biomaterials for lightweight composite applications
Predicting the optimal replacement time for farm power and machinery using a computer programme
The least-cost machinery selection and replacement was determined in this paper, taking into account fixed, variable and timeliness costs. Replacement models for the medium size diesel-engine tractors (MF 265) were developed and solved using a microcomputer programme written in Dbase. Data obtained from agricultural mechanization schemes in two agricultural zones of Anambra State, Nigeria was used in testing the models. Tractor cumulative use was shown as the major determinant of tractor repair and maintenance costs, and therefore a major factor in the replacement decision. The remaining value of the tractor decayed exponentially with age showing the case is suitable for deterministic replacement modelling. The equivalent average annual operating cost of the tractor under the studied techno-economic situation decreased steadily with tractor age, hit a minimum value of N137,835.98 at year Five, and thereafter increased. The optimum replacement period was therefore shown to be Five years. The equivalent cost followed a 2nd order polynomial trend. The R2 value of 0.9952 and 0.9315 for the tractor’s book value and the equivalent annual operating cost respectively indicated good prediction with the models. Poor book keeping was challenging to successful computerization of agricultural machinery management. It affects timely replacement of machinery and ultimately the cropping operations timeliness, crop yield and profitability of the farm enterprises
A Decision Methodology for Six-Sigma Implementation in the Nigerian Small and Medium Scale Enterprise (SME)
Businesses are in a constant quest for solutions to their organizational needs, and many enterprises have adopted Six Sigma (SS) as the most suited approach for adequately matching cost, quality, and delivery. However, researchers in the last two decades have thus been trying to overcome difficulties and constraints associated with SS implementation. In Nigeria, SS is unpopular, and there is a shortage of studies on the implementation of SS in SMEs. The present research was motivated by the lack of research on SS critical success factor (CSF) appraisal in Nigeria, and none in the literature has discreetly described the criticality of the SS implementation factors in Small-Medium Enterprise (SMEs). Therefore, this study proposed to develop a suitable hierarchical model and illustrate the interrelationships between factors that facilitate SS implementation in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) using an integrated approach that consists of interval-valued neutrosophic analytical hierarchy process (IVN-AHP) and criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation (CRITIC). The investigated success factors were conceptualized into four aspects and verified with the aid of the inputs of experts within the small and medium enterprises in Nigeria. Primarily, the content of the work is structured and streamlined perfectly to awaken curiosity among researchers who intend to explore the SS implementation success factors further
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Design of e-module based on eXe-Learning on human movement system material
The human movement system material is one of the most difficult materials, this requires the use of certain media so that the teacher's ability to master technology is required to develop a learning media. This research aims to design or develop E-Module media based on eXe-Learning on human movement system material intended for class XI Science students in order to increase motivation and learning outcomes. The method used is the Research and Development (RnD) method which applies the development model from Alessi and Trollip, which includes the planning, design and development stages. The research results show that the E-Module design for planning starts from identifying the problem, studying the problem, determining sources and components, and brainstorming. The design stage consists of downloading and installing the application, selecting the format, changing the main title of the E-Module, determining the appearance design, creating a product design, collecting sources and components, preparing a draft of the E-Module and creating a storyboard. The development stage includes the stage of bringing together the concept, the editing process. The E-Module media design is designed to help teachers prepare teaching materials that have difficulty with high scientific language.
Design and fabrication of a domestic vacuum cleaner: an engineering approach to airflow and particle entrapment
This project focuses on the design and fabrication of a domestic vacuum cleaner. The design process involved selecting key components, including the motor, fan, filter, and housing materials, and calculating essential parameters such as flow velocity, Reynolds number, and volume flow rate. The analysis considered factors like pressure drops, hose length, and filtration efficiency. Seasonal variations, rug texture, and dust density (1.172 kg/m³ at 27°C) were factored into the design, with careful consideration of the maximum particle size to be captured. The project comprised three stages: working drawing, performance analysis/design, and actual fabrication. Assumptions were made for ideal airflow conditions. The final vacuum cleaner, constructed with a PVC hose, plywood housing, and a 1100 RPM motor, demonstrated effective dust collection. Recommendations were made to improve noise reduction, durability, and performance through material and design enhancements
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Unlocking the Power of Machine Learning in Maintenance Optimization: A Case Study on Rotating Equipment in Industries
Rotating pumps are crucial components in various industrial processes, and their failure can lead to significant downtime and maintenance costs. Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a promising approach to enhance maintenance optimization by predicting equipment failures and reducing maintenance costs. This study explores the application of machine learning techniques for the predictive maintenance of rotating pumps. The study evaluated the performance of Decision Trees, Random Forests, and Support Vector Machines using a comprehensive dataset and compare their accuracy, precision, and recall. The result showed that Random Forest achieves the highest accuracy and robustness, making it a suitable choice for real-world applications. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a comparative analysis of machine learning models for predictive maintenance and highlighting the importance of hyperparameter tuning and data preprocessing. The findings of this study can help industries optimize maintenance strategies, reduce downtime, and enhance overall efficiency
Analysis of Thermal and Physical Response of Bio-Composite Reinforced Ceiling Board
Asbestos used in the production of ceiling board can cause asbestosis, which may lead to cancer. Moreover, environmental concerns have directed attention of researchers to waste recycling and recovering. Wastes are menace to the environment and unfortunately there are abundant wastes with poor disposal systems in third world countries like Nigeria. It is therefore imperative that alternative recovery measures are introduced to curb their adverse effects. Agricultural wastes utilized in this study includes rice and coconut husks as the basic raw materials. The thermal and physical response of bio-composite reinforced ceiling board was analyzed in this study. The aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of utilizing sustainable bio-composites as reinforcement materials in building construction. Cement and starch were used as binders and they also assisted in improving the ceiling board strength. A comprehensive set of experiments was conducted to evaluate the thermal and physical properties of the bio-composite reinforced ceiling board. Box Behnken method was employed in the design and development of the test samples. The produced samples were subjected to thermal conductivity, density measurement, thickness swelling and water absorption tests. The results showed density values ranging from 432 – 863 kg/m3, thickness swelling values of 1.32 – 13.99%, thermal conductivity values of 0.024 – 0.036 W/mK and water absorption rate of 3.26 – 32.2%. The density of the produced bio-composite reinforced ceiling board is lower than that of asbestos with density range of 1500 – 1950 kg/m3 though asbestos gave better water absorption rate of 0.5 – 3.0%. It was observed that run D1 with 50% biomass comprising 28 g of coconut husk and 28 g of rice husk gave the optimal response with a thermal conductivity of 0.0024 W/mK, density of 795 kg/m­­3, thickness swelling of 5.96% and water absorption of 8.77%. The results showed that the bio-composite reinforcement improved the thermal and physical performance of the ceiling board. Additionally, the effects of different bio-composite reinforcement materials on the properties of the board were examined. The results demonstrated that the addition of bio-materials greatly improves the thermal insulation properties of the ceiling board, making it a promising alternative to traditional building materials. Moreover, the study discussed the potential applications of this bio-composite reinforced ceiling board in the construction industry. In conclusion, this study provides important insights into the potential use of bio-composites in building construction and their effect on the thermal and physical performance of building materials.
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Pyrolysis of Wood for Charcoal Production: A Basic Review of Existing Models
The pyrolysis theory is employed to elucidate the phenomenon occurring within charcoal kilns. Pyrolysis is a thermos-chemical process that involves applying heat in an oxygen-depleted atmosphere to transform organic material into volatile substances (liquids and gasses) and a carbon-rich solid (char). The pyrolysis of wood is a multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses various mathematical equations pertaining to heat transport, drying, fluid dynamics of liquids and gases, anisotropy, surface downturn, numerous chemical reactions, non-linear algebraic partial differential equations which are employed to characterise the process. Researchers across the World have carried out studies on the modelling of the charcoal production process. This paper presents review of existing wood pyrolysis models, contributions and flaws. Basic mathematical models adopted for pyrolysis of wood during charcoal production in the kiln were reviewed. Aspects such as: elemental composition, char and volatiles substances (liquids and gases) were put into considerations. The review of both the physical and chemical processes of pyrolysis was carried out with more emphasis on wood kinetic reaction models and modelling assumptions.
Design and production of bitter leaf washing machine for small and medium scale bitter leaf processing
Bitter leaf has been proven to be one of the most sort after edible leaves, especially within the sub-Sahara Africa due to its medicinal values. However the process of removing the bitter taste before use is tasking. This work was geared towards addressing this challenges. The work designed and produced a bitter leaf washing machine for small and medium scale bitter leaf processing. The machine consist majorly of the washing chamber, washing drum and an electric motor. The machine was powered with 1.5 hp electric motor. The machine has the capacity of 23kg/hour and 18kg/hour, for washing fresh and shredded bitter leaves respectively. It also has a throughput capacities of 80.6 % and 82.6 % for fresh and shredded bitter leaves respectively. The washing process reduced the bitter leaves to an average sizes of 40 – 50 mm. Hence, it is recommended that leaves be allowed to shred after plucking before washing. The throughput and even efficiencies obtained shows that there lesser loss of materials while washing shredded bitter leaves, compared to washing fresh leaves. The machine was produced with locally sourced materials, thereby making it cost effective. The machine is therefore recommended for small and medium scale bitter leaf processing.
Production of Ceiling Board from Agricultural Wastes Products (Breadfruit Seed Coats and Rice Husk) using Epoxy Resin as Binder
This study focused on the sustainable utilization of Breadfruit Seed (BFS) and Rice Husk (RHK) fibres as reinforcements for Epoxy Resin (EPR) matrices. The methodology encompassed the collection and preparation of RHK and BFS, culminating in the production of composite ceiling boards. Through a process involving washing, drying, and chemical treatment, impurities were extracted and binding properties with epoxy resin were enhanced. The fabrication of mild steel molds and spacers ensured precision in casting, while careful consideration was given to the resin-to-hardener ratio in EPR preparation. Emphasis was placed on achieving uniformity and structural integrity in the composite materials during production. Analysis of composite densities revealed a narrow range (5.81-7.04 g/cm³), highlighting their lightweight characteristics. Water absorption tests revealed varying capacities influenced by composition, with lower epoxy resin content compositions exhibiting higher absorption rates. Additionally, thickness swelling results showed the significant impact of composition variations on dimensional stability, highlighting the necessity for thorough material formulation. Moreover, employing the optimization tool yielded an optimal composition of 14.667 g of RHK, 38.665 g of BFS, and 12.653 g of EPR, resulting in a ceiling board with a density of 6.001 g/cm³, thickness swell of 9.81%, and water absorption of 4.016%. This study illuminates the potential of BFS and RHK as sustainable reinforcements for EPR matrices, providing valuable insights for the advancement of eco-friendly composite materials.
Effects of nanoparticles volume fractions on the viscosity of nanofluids prepared from palm kernel shell nanoparticles
In this research, palm kernel shell nanoparticles were produced for nanofluid application and the viscosity of the produced nanofluids was measured. The size of the nanoparticles fabricated is 100nm diameter. This paper presents results on the synthesis of palm kernel shell bio-material to obtain nanoparticles and subsequently produced nanofluids. Nanofluids were prepared using two-step method by dispersing or pouring palm kernel shell- nanoparticles into the base fluid (a binary mixture of Ethylene Glycol (EG) and deionised water (base fluid) in a ratio of 50:50) .An ultrasonic sonicator was used to ensure proper mixtures of different volume fractions (0.3%, 0.6 %, 0.9 % 1.2 % and 1.5%) of palm kernel shell nanoparticles into base fluid (a binary mixture of Ethylene Glycol (EG) and deionised water). A Vibro Viscometer machine (SV-10) was used to measure the viscosity of the prepared nanofluids more easily. For minimum and maximum volume fractions of palm kernel shell nanoparticles (0.3% and 1.5%) in the base fluid, the viscosity was found to be 26 mPa.s and 43 mPa.s, which increases slightly with an increase of particle volume fraction and decreases as the temperature increases. The experimental results show a maximum of 23% increasing of viscosity for 1.5% volume fraction of nanofluids as compared with the base fluid. From the experimental study on prepared nanofluids conducted, results show that all the values of viscosities at different volume fractions of the prepared nanofluids were found to be higher than the values of the base fluids (a binary mixture of Ethylene Glycol (EG) and deionised water). The experiments were conducted at varying temperature range (300C through 700C).
Comparative Analysis: Heat flow & drying performance in a dual Electric/gas convective dryer
This study scrutinizes convective dryers at 45°C and 60°C, comparing the impact of electric and gas heat sources on heat flow and drying performance. By analyzing temperature changes within dryer compartments, we uncovered unique behaviors for each heat source. Gas showed faster moisture reduction compared to electric, achieving 9.81%wb and 9.39%wb at 45°C and 60°C in 33 and 21 hours, respectively, compared to 10.08%wb and 10.22%wb in 34 and 22 hours for electric. Effective diffusivity increased from 8.792 ×10-8 m2/s to 1.22 ×10-7 m2/s for electric and 8.9×10-8 m2/s to 1.42×10-7 m2/s for gas. Activation energy was 39.08kj/mol for electric and 42.59kj/mol for gas. The Page model demonstrated high accuracy (R2 = 0.9968, RMSE = 0.0132, X2 = 0.0002) across temperatures and heat sources for drying Clarias gariepinus. The findings suggest practical implications for industrial drying processes, highlighting the potential advantages of gas-based drying systems for faster and more efficient drying operations. Further exploration of these findings could lead to optimized drying methodologies, potentially enhancing efficiency in various drying applications within the industry.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimum proportion of starch binder and palm kernel shell hybrid additive in the formation of sawdust based composite briquette
Briquette making involves collection of combustible materials not useable because of their low density and compressing them into solid fuel of convenient shape. Briquette has lower ash content, high heat and calorific value than most fuels. Thus, this study investigated 200g of pure sawdust and five other briquettes of percentage by mass ratios of sawdust to palm kernel shell of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50, were made dry and without binder. The briquettes were tested for crushing strength and calorific value. The best of the briquettes which is 70:30 percentages was picked and its composition was used to make another set of five briquettes but with starch of masses 10g, 20g, 30g, 40g and 50g respectively. The briquettes with starch content were tested for calorific value only. Consequently, the data obtained from the results showed that addition of palm kernel shell increases the calorific value from 15,668KJ/kg when there was no palm kernel shell addition to 18,397kJ/kg at palm kernel shell addition up to 30% beyond which the calorific value decreases. However, addition of starch binder to the briquette raised the calorific value to 20,377kJ/kg when the starch addition was up to 4.8% beyond which the calorific value decreases. Result shows that 4.8% of starch addition was insufficient for the composite briquette. However, 13% of starch binder briquette a calorific value of 20,005kJ/kg is considered the best. 13% of starch binder briquette could be developed for usage in boiler, heating purpose and gasification plants to replace conventional fuel sources.
Performance Analysis and Evaluation of 4G Network Based on Handoff Process
This Paper focuses on analyzing and evaluating the performance of an existing 4G network based on handoff process in the network since there is need for Network Providers to comply with the Quality of Service (QoS) standard in their network service delivery to the consumers. The regulatory authority in Nigeria being the Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) sets up some key Performance Indications (KPIs) that the Network Providers need to adhere to in order to ascertain if the deployed model will enhance Mobility and Handoff Management and improve QoS delivery. This research work involved a Drive Test on Mobile Telecommunication Nigeria (MTN) network using Transverse Electromagnetic Simulator (TEMS) - 15.0. Based on the applied Mobile Assisted Handoff (MAHO) technique, and weeks of Drive Test, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in the characterized 4G Network showed evidence of strong signals in the range of -50dBm to -80dBm within the Base Station (BS) footprint for the one week of Drive Tests in which measurements were carried out within a range of 600m radii. MATLAB SIMULINK and mathematical calculations done on field experimental data gathered, confirms compliance with NCC benchmark. Finally, we still recommend an improved performance of the network, in terms of the measured and determined values of some of the key performance indicators.
Copyright (c) 2023 Unizik Journal of Technology, Production and Mechanical Systems https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Use of native-chicken eggshell powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete development
This study aimed to determine the suitability of native egg shell powder, prepared in a simple and economic manner, as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production. The variations in properties of concrete when native eggshell powder was used to partially replace cement as binder material was determined and compared with the values obtained when cement only was used as the binder. 16 samples of eggshell powder concrete (EPC) developed with a partial replacement of cement with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% native eggshell powder were produced while 4 control cubes of plain cement concrete (PCC) were also produced. Sieve analysis were carried out to determine the properties of the materials used, while slump and compressive strength tests were done to determine the early and the hardened properties of the concrete produced. The results show that the concrete slump, which is a measure of workability, decreased from 48mm for plain concrete to 44, 39, 33 and 31mm representing 8.3%, 18.7%, 31.2% and 35.4% reductions in slump values for 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% dosages of native eggshell powder in the mixes respectively. Compressive strength also reduced slightly with increase in dosage of native eggshell powder. Values of compressive strength observed after 28days of curing were 22.94N/mm2 for plain concrete, 21.91, 20.71, 17.11 and 12.24N/mm2 for 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% native eggshell dosages respectively; accordingly indicating 4.6%, 9.2%, 25.4% and 46.6% strength reductions for 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% cement replacements with native eggshell powder. It was observed that at 5% and 10% eggshell powder content, the reductions in strength were within tolerable values. Hence eggshell powder obtained from the eggshell of locally sourced native domestic chickens in a simple and economic manner were effective when used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete production. However, such replacement of cement with native eggshell powder should not exceed 10%. This is because after the 10% replacement the loss in structural strength was observed as becoming substantial.
Evaluation and Optimization of Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) for Inventory Control System Analysis in a Manufacturing Industries
This work attempts to evaluate and optimize the economic production quantity (EPQ) for inventory control system with the intention of using decision model to analyze inventory in small and medium scale industries. Economic production quantity inventory management plays a vital role in enhancing customers’ satisfaction among the manufacturing firms. Customers’ satisfaction is crucial since manufacturing firms contribute greatly to the economic development of a country. In this study, relevant articles were reviewed on inventory management. From the from the case study company (Evepon Nigeria limited), inventory control models obtain the economic production quantity values of inventory control system of the following results were obtained for the manufacturing industry’s production analysis and inventory control system for product 1 (plastic pipe product). The analysis gave an economic production quantity of 3318.56 units, reordering point of 812.17 units, lead time of 4.62 hours and production rate of 4221.59 units. The results reveal a standard system for inventory control and production planning of the case study company. They also provide company standard for similar case studies in order to eliminate and/or reduce the problems associated with inventory duction planning. The techniques applied will help manufacturing industries in case study company to reduce running cost (operating costs and inventory costs), effective utilization of inventory control system and in appraisal of their system.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0