Agriculture as a retirement income safety net: Evidence from civil servants in Northeastern Nigeria

Abstract

Amid persistent economic challenges in Nigeria, marked by inflationary pressures, currency devaluation, and concerns over the long-term sustainability of public sector income, agriculture has emerged as a critical livelihood and retirement income strategy for civil servants. This study examines the extent and nature of agricultural engagement among civil servants in Northeast Nigeria, with a focus on its potential as a retirement income safety net. Drawing on survey data from 179 staff members of federal universities across Gombe, Borno, and Adamawa States, the findings reveal a high rate of participation in agricultural activities, predominantly crop farming (70.8%). However, such engagement remains largely small-scale due to limited access to capital (Mean = 3.7472, SD = 1.2250), which hampers investment in mechanized farming. The most frequently cultivated crops are maize (31.1%), beans (26.2%), and rice (22.2%). Civil servants who participate in agriculture report significantly greater financial stability (Mean = 3.8218, SD = 0.9839), reduced reliance on government salaries (Mean = 3.7861, SD = 1.1338), and enhanced resilience to economic shocks (Mean = 3.7733, SD = 0.9857) compared to their situation prior to agricultural involvement. These findings underscore the role of agriculture as a viable pathway to economic security in retirement. The study recommends improved access to agricultural finance, extension services, and market infrastructure to support productivity, facilitate economic diversification, and reinforce the post-retirement welfare of public sector employees.