An X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Cement Stabilized E-Waste Contaminated Soil: (A Case Study of Alaba International Market, Lagos State, Nigeria)

Abstract

This study examines the mineralogical transformations in e-waste contaminated soils (CO1, CO2 and CO3) treated with cement contents at 0,2,4,6,8 and 10 percentages using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The e- waste soil samples (CO1, CO2, and CO3) were obtained from three diifferent sites at St Patrick Catholic Church, Sunny Bus Stop and Kpako Area of Alaba International Market, Lagos State, Nigeria. Disturbed soil Samples was obtained at a depth of not less than 2m. The objective of this paper is to understand the phase evolution and the formation of hydration products at different cement addition and to establish the optimum of the addictives on these e-waste soil samples and to determine how cement hydration products contribute to heavy metal immobilization, thereby reducing leachability and safeguarding groundwater quality within the area. The results indicate a progressive transformation of mineral phases. The untreated soil contained Quartz (SiO₂), Calcite (CaCO₃), Lead Oxide (PbO), and Copper Oxide (CuO) across all the soil samples. With cement addition, Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H) emerged, indicating hydration reactions. At 6% cement, maximum mineral transformation occurred with the formation of C-A-S-H and gehlenite (Ca₂Al(AlSi)O₇), enhancing soil stabilization. Beyond 6%, hydration activity declined. These results suggest that 6% cement optimally stabilizes e-waste soil of all the treated e-waste contaminated soil, improving its geotechnical and environmental properties of e-waste-contaminated soils, contributing to sustainable soil remediation efforts and given more value to the soil to be used for construction purposes especially in Alaba area of Lagos State, Nigeria where the soil abounds.