Development of a Force Table Apparatus for Laboratory Use

Abstract

This study presents the design, development, and evaluation of a low-cost, adjustable force table aimed at improving physics education and applied mechanics in resource-constrained settings. Conventional force tables are often expensive, non-portable, ergonomically rigid, and limited in angular accuracy. This project developed a functionally comparable alternative using locally available materials, 3D-printed pulleys, a laminated angular scale, and a height-adjustable tripod stand. The apparatus was tested using repeated three-force equilibrium experiments and benchmarked against a commercial (foreign) model under identical conditions. Performance validation employed statistical tools, including Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), standard deviation, paired t-tests, and relative error analysis. Results showed minor deviations from theoretical values, but no statistically significant differences between models at the 95% confidence level (p > 0.05). The observed relative error (~5.17%) and angular deviation (≤0.5°) were within acceptable educational limits. Instructional suitability was evaluated based on the device’s ability to support hands-on demonstrations of vector addition and equilibrium, promote repeatable student-led experiments, and reinforce Newtonian mechanics through physical validation. Its ergonomic design accommodated different user heights and classroom setups. Preliminary feedback from users (via a structured Likert survey) highlighted strong pedagogical value and ease of use, with recommendations for future digital enhancements. Overall, the study confirms that a validated, affordable, and adaptable force table can effectively support experiential learning in mechanics education.