Design and Simulation Validation of a Liquid–Liquid Heterojunction Triboelectric Nanogenerator Integrated with Photovoltaic Modules for All- Weather Energy Harvesting

Authors

  • Stanley Chinedu Okafor Industrial and Production Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State
  • Chika Edith Mgbemena Industrial and Production Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State
  • Charles Chikwendu Okpala Industrial and Production Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State
  • Ogochukwu Chinedum Chukwunedum Industrial and Production Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State

Keywords:

Triboelectric Nanogenerator, Liquid–Liquid Heterojunction, Photovoltaic Integration, Finite-Element Simulation, Fenicsx, All-Weather Energy Harvesting.

Abstract

This study presents the design and simulation validation of a liquid–liquid heterojunction triboelectric nanogenerator (LLH-
TENG) integrated with photovoltaic (PV) modules for all-weather energy harvesting. The proposed system utilizes
immiscible liquid interfaces within a horizontal microchannel to enable durable and transparent energy conversion under
rainfall-induced excitation. A finite element model based on Poisson’s equation was developed to evaluate the electrostatic
behavior of the system. Simulation results demonstrate a stable electric potential distribution across the microchannel and
a linear increase in output voltage with excitation frequency (1–5 Hz). The electric potential varied from approximately
1.0 V to 0 V across the microchannel, while the output voltage increased from approximately 0.2 V at 1 Hz to 1.0 V at 5
Hz, confirming the feasibility of LL-H-TENG architectures as durable and complementary energy harvesting systems for
photovoltaic applications.

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Published

2026-07-02

Issue

Vol. 6 No. 3 (2026): UNIZIK Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (In progress)

Section

Articles