Hydrogen as a Clean Energy Vector: Challenges and Barriers to Widespread Adoption

Abstract

Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a pivotal clean energy vector capable of substantially advancing global decarbonization goals. As a flexible energy carrier, it can be derived from a variety of renewable and non-renewable sources and applied across multiple sectors, including transportation, industrial processes, and power generation. Its capacity to curb greenhouse gas emissions and lessen reliance on fossil fuels has driven a surge in global interest, accompanied by significant investments and supportive policy actions. Despite its potential, the widespread implementation of hydrogen energy faces several formidable challenges. These encompass technical constraints such as efficient storage, safe transport, and the development of supportive infrastructure; economic issues tied to high production costs and limited market competitiveness; environmental concerns regarding lifecycle emissions and the sustainability of different hydrogen production pathways; and regulatory and social barriers including fragmented policy frameworks, safety regulations, and public perception. Overcoming these interconnected barriers is vital for harnessing hydrogen’s full role in the energy transition. This chapter offers a strategic roadmap for advancing hydrogen deployment by emphasizing technological innovation, coherent policy frameworks, international cooperation, and targeted financial investments. Through an integrated analysis of the hydrogen energy ecosystem and actionable strategies, this work aims to inform stakeholders, support evidence-based policymaking, and expedite the adoption of hydrogen as a foundational component of a sustainable and resilient global energy system.