Advancing Global Smart Agriculture with AI and IoT: A Systematic Review of Technologies, Applications, and Challenges

Abstract

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is transforming agriculture by enhancing precision farming, improving resource efficiency, and promoting sustainability. This study systematically reviews emerging AI and IoT applications in smart agriculture, examining their role in agricultural productivity, identifying barriers to adoption, and assessing their impact on climate-smart practices. A structured data extraction process was employed, sourcing peer-reviewed studies from databases such as PubMed, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria ensured a focus on AI and IoT applications in crop management, pest control, food safety, and supply chain optimization, with studies published between 2019 and 2024 included. Thematic and statistical synthesis categorized findings based on technological innovations and agricultural applications. The results highlight the transformative potential of AI and IoT in optimizing agricultural processes, though challenges such as high implementation costs, technical limitations, and socio-cultural barriers persist. To maximize the benefits of these technologies, policymakers and stakeholders must invest in infrastructure, enhance digital literacy among farmers, and promote inclusive policies that facilitate the adoption of AI and IoT, particularly in resource-limited settings. This review provides valuable insights for advancing smart and sustainable agricultural practices globally.