Evaluating Water Scarcity Vulnerability Levels in Rural Communities of Iseyin Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria: An Integrated and Multidimensional Approach

Abstract

Water is essential for life, yet water scarcity persists globally, driven by population growth, poor quality, and limited access. This study assesses water scarcity in 19 rural communities in Iseyin, Oyo State, Nigeria, using primary data from geodetic GNSS receivers and household estimates via Google Earth. A bespoke Water Scarcity Vulnerability Mapping (WSVM) software, developed by the researcher using VB Net 2022, combined with multi-criteria decision analysis using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) evaluated village vulnerability based on water availability, quality, drought resilience, and proximity to sources. The survey identified 32 water sources—including boreholes, wells, ponds, and rivers—revealing disparities: some villages have improved access, while others rely heavily on surface water, increasing their vulnerability. Villages were categorized into three levels: severe (7 villages, 37%), moderate (9 villages, 47%), and low (3 villages, 16%). Drought resilience and water quality were the main drivers of water insecurity, especially during dry seasons. An adaptive measure recommended is the installation of water infrastructures to enhance drought resilience of rural communities and ensure improved water quality.