SELF - EFFICACY AS A PREDICTOR OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA

Abstract

Background: Physical activity plays a vital role in promoting healthy aging. Exercise self-efficacy, the belief in one’s ability to engage in physical activity despite challenges, is a key determinant of exercise behaviours among older adults. Understanding the interaction between these variables is essential for designing effective interventions.

Aim: To examine the relationship between self-efficacy and physical activity levels among older adults and explore the influence of sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, and educational attainment on these constructs.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 community-dwelling older adults (≥ 65 years) selected using disproportionate stratified sampling across four quarters of Nnewi, Anambra State. Data was collected using the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale, the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, and a structured sociodemographic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation, as well as Spearman's rank order correlation, Mann–Whitney U test, and Kruskal–Wallis test were used for data analysis with level of significance set at < 0.05.

Results: Most of the participants exhibited low physical activity levels and moderate exercise self-efficacy. A weak but significant positive correlation was found between exercise self-efficacy and physical activity (r = 0.292, p < 0.001). Age was negatively correlated with both physical activity (r = -0.351, p < 0.001) and self-efficacy (r = -0.240, p < 0.001). Educational level and marital status significantly influenced both outcomes, while gender differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The findings highlight a significant association between self-efficacy and physical activity in older adults, emphasizing the need for interventions that enhance self-efficacy and reduce barriers to physical activity. Tailored programs that consider age, education, and marital status may improve physical activity participation among older adults in this setting.